Abstract
Annona atemoya Hort cv. African Pride (AP) is highly valued due to its high quality and unique flavor, but highly susceptible to water-logging. Prevalence of root diseases in saturated soils is one of the main problems in production, which restricts the development of AP in south China, where flooding frequently occurs in rainy seasons. However, some annona species, e.g. A. montana, A. glabra and A. muricata, are relatively tolerant to continuous flooding and periodic water-logging conditions, but of limited commercial value. Yet, the potential may exist to increase flood tolerance of commercial annona varieties by the use of flood tolerant rootstocks. An experiment was conducted with the aim to study the effects of continuous or periodical soil flooding on tree performances of four different annona scion/rootstock combinations: AP/AR/G (scion/interstock/rootstock), AR/G (scion/rootstock), AP/AR/M and AR/M, where AP stands for Annona atemoya Hort cv. African Pride, AR for the hybrid of “AP” atemoya × A. reticulata, used as an interstock, G for pond apple (A. glabra), and M for mountain soursop (A. montana). Plant growth, leaf net photosynthetic rates and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured regularly after flooding treatments were applied. Flooding treatments reduced shoot extension, leaf production, net photosynthetic rates and maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) in plants of AP/AR/M and AR/M, which displayed wilting within 2 weeks of flooding, with a higher wilting percentage in AP/AR/M than in AR/M. The wilted plants shed all leaves but remained alive and sprouted new but weak shoots after 16 weeks of flooding. Long term flooding did not suppress but enhanced photosynthesis as well as tree growth in AP/AR/G and AR/G, with vigorous growth of adventitious roots. Thus, we suggest the use A. glabra instead of A. montana as a rootstock and AR as an interstock to increase flood tolerance of commercial annona varieties.
Highlights
Soil flooding is a common environmental stress in wetland and in areas with high rainfall, poor soil drainage and high water table fluctuations, inducing changes in soil physicochemical properties by altering soil structure, depleting oxygen, accumulating carbon dioxide, producing anaerobic decomposition of organic matter, and reducing the availability of iron and manganese [1,2]
Four annona scion-rootstock combinations were used: African Pride (AP)/A. reticulata (AR)/G, AR/G, AP/AR/M and AR/M, where AP is short for Annona atemoya Hort cv
African Pride, AR is a hybrid of “AP” atemoya × A. reticulata, G represents pond apple (A. glabra), and M stands for mountain soursop (A. montana)
Summary
Soil flooding is a common environmental stress in wetland and in areas with high rainfall, poor soil drainage and high water table fluctuations, inducing changes in soil physicochemical properties by altering soil structure, depleting oxygen, accumulating carbon dioxide, producing anaerobic decomposition of organic matter, and reducing the availability of iron and manganese [1,2]. In order to efficiently maintain agricultural production in areas subjected to water logging, it is always desirable to identify flood tolerant crops, including fruit trees with economic potential. Commercial annona varieties, such as cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.), sugar apple (A. squamosa L.) and atemoya (A. squamosa × A. cherimola), are generally grown on seedling rootstocks, which are very susceptible to water-logging [5,6]. The effects of soil flooding on vegetative growth, morphological changes in shoot and root and photosynthetic performance of AP plants grafted onto G (A. glabra) or M (A. montana) via an interstock of “AP” atemoya × A. reticulata were examined
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