Abstract
Some beneficial effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) can be explained by the modulation of enterohormone secretion. As GSPE comprises a combination of different molecules, the pure compounds that cause these effects need to be elucidated. The enterohormones and chemoreceptors present in the gastrointestinal tract differ between species, so if humans are to gain beneficial effects, species closer to humans—and humans themselves—must be used. We demonstrate that 100 mg/L of GSPE stimulates peptide YY (PYY) release, but not glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) release in the human colon. We used a pig ex vivo system that differentiates between apical and basolateral intestinal sides to analyse how apical stimulation with GSPE and its pure compounds affects the gastrointestinal tract. In pigs, apical GSPE treatment stimulates the basolateral release of PYY in the duodenum and colon and that of GLP-1 in the ascending, but not the descending colon. In the duodenum, luminal stimulation with procyanidin dimer B2 increased PYY secretion, but not CCK secretion, while catechin monomers (catechin/epicatechin) significantly increased CCK release, but not PYY release. The differential effects of GSPE and its pure compounds on enterohormone release at the same intestinal segment suggest that they act through chemosensors located apically and unevenly distributed along the gastrointestinal tract.
Highlights
The gastrointestinal tract is in charge of nutrient digestion and absorption
It is one of the bigger hormonal tissues. It is a source of various regulatory peptide hormones, secreted along the gastrointestinal tract by different enteroendocrine cells, which are involved in the coordination of digestive processes within the gastrointestinal system via autocrine and paracrine effects
We have previously shown that a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract modulates enterohormone secretion in rat explants [21]
Summary
The gastrointestinal tract is in charge of nutrient digestion and absorption It is one of the bigger hormonal tissues. It is a source of various regulatory peptide hormones, secreted along the gastrointestinal tract by different enteroendocrine cells, which are involved in the coordination of digestive processes within the gastrointestinal system via autocrine and paracrine effects. The presence of enterohormones along the gastrointestinal tract is uneven and differs between species [2] Among these enterohormones are found cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY (PYY). CCK acts as an anorexigenic peptide, inducing a decrease in food intake and body weight and an increase in perception of fullness, as well as regulating gastric emptying, gall bladder contraction, and pancreatic enzyme release [3,4]. Considering the importance of these hormones on regulation of body homeostasis, modulation of the enteroendocrine system has become a target for treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes [10,11]
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