Effects of Fe-Mn oxide-modified biochar composite applications on phthalate esters (PAEs) accumulation in wheat grains and grain quality under PAEs-polluted brown soil

Abstract

Phthalate esters (PAEs), such as dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), are used extensively as additives and plasticizers, and have become ubiquitous in the environment. PAEs in the soil could have adverse effects on crop plants as well as humans via accumulations in food chain. Thus, it is important to explore strategies to reduce the bioavailability of phthalate esters. We investigated the effects of Fe-Mn oxide-modified biochar composite (FMBC) applications on the quality of wheat grown in DBP- and DEHP-polluted brown soil. The application of FMBC and biochar (BC) increased the wheat grain biomass by 9.71–223.01% and 5.40–120.15% in the DBP-polluted soil, and 10.52–186.21% and 4.50–99.53% in the DEHP-spiked soil in comparison to the controls. All FMBC treatments were better than the BC treatments, in terms of decreasing DBP and DEHP bioavailability for the wheat grains. The activities of the glutamine synthetase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase in the flag leaves at the filling stage and of granule-bound starch synthase, soluble starch synthase, and adenosine diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase in the grains at maturity increased significantly with increases in either the BC or FMBC applications. This, in turn, increased the starch, protein, and amino acid content in the wheat grains. Compared with the BC treatment, the FMBC amendment induced only slight increases in the aforementioned factors. This study offers novel insights into potential strategies for decreasing PAEs bioavailability in soil, with potential positive implications for crop quality and environmental health improvements.