Abstract
Six male undergraduates could earn 4c for every 200 knob pulls. In addition, they could avoid or escape an aversive tone by pressing a button with a force of 1.5 lbs (nonaggressive response) or by punching a padded cushion with at least 20 lbs of force (aggressive response). Punches of 25 lbs or more were also recorded, permitting the magnitude of aggression to be measured. Higher rates and magnitudes of aggression occurred when knob pulling was not rewarded (extinction) than when it was rewarded (reinforcement).
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