Abstract
Auxins are plant hormones that affect plant growth, development, and improve a plant’s tolerance to stress. In this study, we found that the application of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) had diverse effects on the growth of maize (Zea mays L.) roots treated without/with Cd. IBA caused changes in the growth and morphology of the roots under non-stress conditions; hence, we were able to select two concentrations of IBA (10−11 M as stimulatory and 10−7 M as inhibitory). IBA in stimulatory concentration did not affect the concentration of H2O2 or the activity of antioxidant enzymes while IBA in inhibitory concentration increased only the concentration of H2O2 (40.6%). The application of IBA also affected the concentrations of mineral nutrients. IBA in stimulatory concentration increased the concentration of N, K, Ca, S, and Zn (5.8–14.8%) and in inhibitory concentration decreased concentration of P, K, Ca, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu (5.5–36.6%). Moreover, IBA in the concentration 10−9 M had the most positive effects on the plants cultivated with Cd. It decreased the concentration of H2O2 (34.3%), the activity of antioxidant enzymes (23.7–36.4%), and increased the concentration of all followed elements, except Mg (5.5–34.1%), when compared to the Cd.
Highlights
Auxins are a group of plant hormones that affect and control many metabolic processes, including plant growth and responses to the environment [1]
The elongation of primary roots (PR) increased with decreasing auxin concentration (10−10 M—27.0%; 10−11 M—60.7%; 10−12 M—75.6%) (Figure 2a), and the strongest increase in PR branching was found in those plants treated with 10−12 M, 10−11 M, 10−10 M (Figure 2b)
Our results showed that exogenously applied indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) can influence the growth of the maize and alleviate Cd toxicity
Summary
Auxins are a group of plant hormones that affect and control many metabolic processes, including plant growth and responses to the environment [1]. The crosstalk between auxins and other substances, e.g., ethylene, cytokinins, gibberellin, is an important part of the regulation of auxin production and transport in plants [2]. The crosstalk between auxins and reactive oxygen species (ROS) is integrated into a complex hormonal network that controls diverse aspects of plant growth and development [1]. ROS, such as superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, and hydroxyl radicals, are present in every plant cell because they are continuously produced as unwanted by-products of various metabolic pathways, which are mainly localized in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and nitrogen-fixing nodules [3,4,5]. All types of ROS are involved in the networks of signaling pathways and in the responses to environmental factors [3,4]
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