Abstract
Some investigations have demonstrated that a combined endurance–strength training is the most effective in the treatment of obesity. The aim of the research was to access how different trainings influence: endothelial function, lipid metabolism, and risk of atherosclerosis in women with obesity. In a randomized trial, 39 obese women aged 28–62 completed endurance (n = 22, 60-80% HRmax) or combined training (n = 17, 20 minutes of strength exercises, 50–60% 1RM and 25 minutes of endurance training, 60-80% HRmax). Before and after the intervention vascular endothelial function (endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), blood total antioxidant capacity (TAC)), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides and C-reactive protein (CRP)as well as visceral adiposity index (VAI), total-body skeletal muscle mass and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) were determined. After the trainings, in both groups total cholesterol and total-body skeletal muscle mass increased (p < 0.05). In the group undergoing combined training, lower (p < 0.05) VAI, AIP, CRP and LDL-C were noted. In the group undergoing endurance training TBARS concentration decreased (p < 0.01), while the HDL-C (p < 0.01) concentration as well as eNOS (p < 0.05) activity increased. No significant differences between groups were found, either before or after the programs. Both training programs led to the improvement of lipid metabolism, but only endurance training alone favorably changed indicators of endothelial functions in women with obesity.
Highlights
Obesity is associated with several established cardiovascular risk factors, including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and chronic low-grade inflammation; together, these factors are damaging to the endothelium [1]
In the group assigned to endurance training before intervention, a correlation between body fat mass content and LDL-cholesterol concentration as well as total cholesterol was founded
Our findings show that both endurance and endurance–strength training exert a similar, positive effect on body mass, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and VO2 peak [14], only combined training resulted in significant changes in visceral adiposity index (VAI) (p < 0.05)
Summary
Obesity is associated with several established cardiovascular risk factors, including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and chronic low-grade inflammation; together, these factors are damaging to the endothelium [1]. In addition to the known risk factors, there is a growing body of evidence to support the role of several non-traditional risk factors as potential modulators of the endothelial phenotype in obesity, including pro-atherogenic adipokines, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation [2]. Loss of endothelium-dependent vasodilator activity has been associated with reduced synthesis and availability of nitric oxide (NO)—a potent vascular smooth muscle relaxant [3]. Chronic mechanical forces directly affect endothelial cell morphology, metabolism and inflammatory phenotype through signal transduction, and gene and protein expression [5]
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