Effects of differential tectonic activities on overpressure evolution in the deep-water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin: implications for gas hydrate accumulation

Abstract

The lack of data on the complex tectonics of the Qiongdongnan Basin has thus far restricted our understanding of the overpressure, deep hydrocarbon and shallow gas hydrate distribution. We therefore combined integrated seismic, well and borehole test data with basin models to clarify the relationship between tectonic activity and overpressure evolution, as well as the potential effects of the subsurface pressure on gas hydrate accumulation. The results show differences in tectonic activity and pressure characteristics between the eastern and western basins. Large numbers of faults and magmatic intrusions have developed in the post-rift layer of the eastern basin (the Baodao to Changchang sub-basins) since the Late Miocene ( c. 10.5 Ma), although they seldom formed in the western basin (the Lengdong to Lingshui sub-basins). Correspondingly, the eastern basin was characterized by lower overpressures (up to 40 MPa) and the western basin displayed higher overpressures (up to 110 MPa). The results indicate that tectonic activity since c. 10.5 Ma caused the relief of overpressure in the eastern basin. In stark contrast, the overpressure in the western basin increased significantly due to the lack of structural conduits and rapid sedimentation of the thick Pliocene and Quaternary deposits. Numerical models reveal that the faults and gas chimneys associated with the intrusions constituted shallow plumbing systems through which deep natural gas was able to migrate upwards. The formation of gas hydrates relied on the migration of deep gas to the hydrate stability zone below the seafloor. The relatively lower overpressured zones due to pressure relief in the eastern basin are therefore considered the next areas potentially favourable for the formation of gas hydrates. Thematic collection: This article is part of the Emerging knowledge on the tectonics of the South China Sea collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/south-china-sea