Effects of Different Scratch Mat Designs on Hen Behaviour and Eggs Laid in Enriched Cages.

Abstract

Simple SummaryEnriched cages for laying hens must contain litter so that pecking and scratching are possible. This is typically provided using layer’s feed dispensed onto a scratch mat, however, there are no regulations on the size or materials of the mat. This study examined how different scratch mat designs and bird age affected behaviours on the mat at three times of day, and their influence on where eggs were laid and shell quality. The proportion of hens at the scratch mats did not increase during or shortly after the application of scratch feed, however, they were more likely to be foraging then. Most eggs collected were clean and laid in the nest. Of the small proportion of eggs that were cracked or dirty, the mat type did not affect dirty eggs, but eggs laid opposite the Big Dutchman mats were more likely to be cracked at 79 weeks of age than at any other mat type or age. There appeared to be no optimal scratch mat design (of those studied) and their use (during observations) was low, suggesting that mat designs were not major influencers on bird behaviour.Laying hens in the UK and EU must be provided with litter for pecking and scratching. In enriched cages, this is commonly provided by dispensing layer’s feed onto a scratch mat. Mats vary in design and size, which might affect hen behaviour and egg quality, since eggs are sometimes laid at the mats. We investigated if four different scratch mats (BD, K, V, Z) provided to hens in enriched cages resulted in differences in behaviour on the mats and external egg quality. Twenty-four 60-bird cages (6 cages/bank × 4 banks) with 2 mats/cage at one tier of a commercial enriched cage unit were used. Mats were allocated to cages in a balanced design prior to the flock arriving. Hens and eggs were studied at 30, 50 and 79 weeks of age, with three behaviour observations (before, during or after scratch feed application). The data were analysed by GLMMs or LMMs. The vast proportions of birds on the mats were standing (0.720) or sitting (0.250). Bird proportions on the mats were low overall and declined from 0.028 (30 weeks) and 0.030 (50 weeks) to 0.020 (79 weeks) (p < 0.001). The greatest proportion of hens were observed on Z (p < 0.001), which had the largest area, but relative to the available area least birds were on Z and most were on K (p < 0.001). Foraging was not affected by bird age or mat type but was greater at the second observation (p < 0.001). Most eggs were laid in the nest box and were clean. Clean eggs declined, and dirty eggs increased, significantly with age, particularly at the scratch mat (p < 0.001). Dirty eggs were not affected by mat design. Cracked eggs were highest at 79 weeks of age, particularly with BD mats (p < 0.001). Overall, scratch mat designs had minimal effects on behaviour (but few hens were seen there) and egg quality.