Effects of different processing techniques of palm kernel cake on processing quality of pellet feed, nutrient digestibility and intestinal microbiota of pigs.

Abstract

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of extrusion, fermentation and enzymolysis of palm kernel cake on processing quality of pellet feed, nutrient digestibility and intestinal microbiota of pigs. First, the pretreatment parameters of extrusion, enzymolysis and fermentation of palm kernel cake were optimized. Then, PKC after three processing techniques were used to prepare pellet feed. A total of 160 crossbred piglets (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) with an average body weight of 28±0.5kg were used in a 8 weeks feeding experiment. Pigs were randomly assigned to 5 treatments with 4 replicates per treatment and 8 pigs per replicates. The 5 experimental groups were as follows: basal diet group (whole corn-soybean meal), 10% PKC group (PKC), 10% extrusion PKC group (PPKC), 10% enzymolysis PKC group (EPKC) and 10% fermented PKC group (FPKC), respectively. At the end of the experiment, 4 pigs from each treatment (randomly collected 1 pig per pen) were sacrificed by administering a pentobarbital overdose, the gut and blood samples were collected for the quantification analysis of microbiota, hematological parameters, and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility. The results showed that all the three processing techniques significantly decreased the contents of crude fiber of PKC (P < 0.01), pulverization rate (P < 0.01), powder content (P < 0.01), and increased the hardness and gelatinization starch of pellet feed (P < 0.05) compared to PKC group. In addition, PPKC significantly improved the dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) content, blood indices and average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared to PKC group (P < 0.01), while the parameters were similar among FPKC, EPKC and control group (P > 0.01). Furthermore, all the three processing techniques significantly increased the Lactobacillus and decreased the Escherichia levels in feces or gut compared to PKC. Collectively, extrusion, fermentation and enzymolysis of PKC had positively enhanced the pellet quality, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut microbiota, extrusion exhibited a superior feeding effect compared to fermentation and enzymolysis.