Effects of Different Chromium Compounds on Hematology and Inflammatory Cytokines in Rats Fed High-Fat Diet.

Wojciech Dworzański,Ewelina Cholewińska,Jerzy Juśkiewicz,Katarzyna Ognik,Krzysztof Tutaj,Bartosz Fotschki,Iwona Sembratowicz

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.614000

Abstract

The aim of the study was to determine how a high-fat diet supplemented with various forms of chromium affects hematological and immune parameters of the blood of rats. The rats received a standard diet or a high-fat diet supplemented with chromium at 0.3 mg/kg body weight (BW) in the form of chromium(III) picolinate, chromium(III)-methionine or nano-sized chromium. Selected hematological parameters were determined in the blood of the rats, including total white blood cell (WBC) count, leukogram, red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin level (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), platelet count (PLT) and platelet percentage (PCT), as well as immune parameters: levels of immunoglobulins A and E (IgA and IgE), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α); activity of ceruloplasmin (Cp); and levels of caspase 3 and 8 (Casp3 and Casp8). Feeding rats a high-fat diet increased blood markers of induction of inflammation, ie pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, and also significantly increased IgE. The diet had no effect on the blood count, except for an increase in the number of neutrophils. The chromium compounds tested, particularly Cr-Met and Cr-NPs, stimulated the immune system of the rats, as indicated by increased concentrations of IgA, IgE, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and Cp. Given the increase in inflammatory mediators induced by chromium, it should not be used to mitigate the effects of a high-fat diet. Moreover, chromium picolinate and chromium nanoparticles were shown to increase the content of caspase 3 and 8 in the blood of rats, which indicates a pro-apoptotic effect. The effects of the use of chromium nanoparticles include reductions in the WBC count and in the thrombocyte count (leuko- and thrombopenia). Taking account these data the use of chromium as dietary supplement should be reconsidered.

Highlights

Chromium(III) is a microelement with a well-documented beneficial effect on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, mainly through improvement of insulin signaling [1]
The addition of Cr-NPs and chromium(III) picolinate (Cr-Pic) to the diet caused a decrease in the medium-sized cell (MID) count (P = 0.006) in the blood of the rats, with the lowest value noted in the Cr-Pic group
Cr added to the diet, irrespective of the form used, reduced the percentage of MID (P = 0.026) relative to the group with no added Cr in the diet, with the most pronounced effect noted in the Cr-Pic group (Table 2)

Summary

Introduction

Chromium(III) is a microelement with a well-documented beneficial effect on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, mainly through improvement of insulin signaling [1]. Glutamic acid, glycine and cysteine, trivalent chromium is a component of glucose tolerance factor, which is responsible for insulin binding to the receptor, thereby enabling proper utilization of glucose by tissues [2]. It increases the number of insulin receptors and insulin receptor activity through phosphorylation [3, 4]. Chromium can help to reduce body weight and improve the blood lipid profile, and for this reason it is a common ingredient in supplements used in weight loss treatment [9, 10] Both diabetes and obesity are accompanied by oxidative stress and chronic inflammation [11,12,13]

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