Effects of Dietary Vegetable Oils on Mammary Lipid-Related Genes in Holstein Dairy Cows.

Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez,Carolina Geldsetzer-Mendoza,Heidi Leskinen,Juan J Loor,María Sol Morales,Nathaly Cancino-Padilla,Jaime Romero,Philip C Garnsworthy

doi:10.3390/ani10010057

Abstract

Simple SummaryThis study analyzed effects of vegetable oils fed to dairy cows on abundance of genes related to lipid metabolism in milk somatic cells (MSC). During 63 days (9 weeks), 15 cows were allocated to 3 treatments: a control diet with no added lipid and the same diet supplemented with olive oil (OO, 30 g/kg DM) or hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO, 30 g/kg DM). Dietary oil supplementation (3% DM) had a modest nutrigenomic effect on biological functions such as acetate and FA activation and intra-cellular transport, lipid droplet formation, and transcription regulation in MSC. Results suggest that long-term dietary monounsaturated and saturated lipids could alter mRNA abundance in MSC from mid-lactating cows.This study analyzed effects of vegetable oils fed to dairy cows on abundance of genes related to lipid metabolism in milk somatic cells (MSC). During 63 days, 15 cows were allocated to 3 treatments: a control diet with no added lipid the same diet supplemented with olive oil (OO, 30 g/kg DM) or hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO, 30 g/kg DM). On days 21, 42 and 63, MSC were obtained from all cows. Relative abundance of genes involved in lipid metabolism in MSC from cows fed control on days 42 and 63 was compared with relative abundance at day 21 to evaluate fold-changes. Those genes without changes over the time were selected to analyze effects of OO and HVO. Compared with control, on day 42, PLIN2 and THRSP were upregulated by OO. Compared with control, on day 21, HVO up regulated ACACA, down regulated FABP3, and on day 63 THRSP and FABP4 were down regulated. Dietary oil supplementation (3% DM) had a modest nutrigenomic effect on different biological functions such as acetate and FA activation and intra-cellular transport, lipid droplet formation, and transcription regulation in MSC.

Highlights

Vegetable oils have been used in dairy diets to increase energy density of rations or to alter milk fatty acid (FA) profiles [1]
The most-abundant FA in plasma were C16:0, C18:1 trans isomers (C18):0, C18:1 cis-9 and C18:2 cis-9, 12 which agrees with our previous studies with oil supplementation in dairy cows [12,13]
When unprotected oils high in unsaturated FA are fed to dairy cows, an increase in biohydrogenation intermediates [17] will be transported in the blood with its consequent secretion in the milk

Summary

Introduction

Vegetable oils have been used in dairy diets to increase energy density of rations or to alter milk fatty acid (FA) profiles [1]. Piperova et al [2] supplemented lactating cows with soybean oil and found that mammary activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACACA) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) both genes involved in FA synthesis and desaturation, decreased compared with a control diet (no fat supplementation). Jacobs et al [3] evaluated the effects of feeding rapeseed oil, soybean oil, or linseed oil on stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1, a gene involved in FA desaturation) abundance in the mammary gland of dairy cows and reported a significantly downregulation due to feeding unprotected soybean oil compared with rapeseed oil or linseed oil, and that was partially reflected by lower desaturase indices in milk. Ibeagha-Awemu et al [6] evaluated effects of supplementing mid-lactating cows with linseed oil and safflower oil (both unsaturated but with different FA profiles) on gene abundance and metabolic pathways. Compared with safflower oil, linseed oil had a greater impact on mammary gland transcriptome by affecting more genes, pathways, and processes

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Results