Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary astaxanthin (Ast) from Phaffia rhodozyma on growth performance, survival, carotenoid content, the activity of antioxidant and immune-related enzymes, intestinal microbiota comparison, and disease resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Penaeus monodon. Juveniles (average weight 3.15 ± 0.12 g) were fed with six experimental diets supplemented with 0 (Control), 20.5, 41, 61.5, 82, and 102.5 mg/kg of Ast (defined as diet A–D) in triplicate for 56 days. The results indicated that shrimp fed with Ast supplementation significantly (p < 0.05) improved growth performance compared with the control. Furthermore, significantly (p < 0.05) increased survival and decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR) demonstrated the beneficial effects of dietary Ast on enhancing nutrient utilization and ultimately improving the growth and survival of shrimp. Furthermore, shrimp fed with Ast including diet developed a deeper red color than the control, consistent with the significantly (p < 0.05) increased Ast deposition in the shrimp shell. Hemolymph-immunological parameters [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (AKP)] and hepatopancreatic antioxidant status [total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)] were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by dietary Ast supplementation. Dietary increasing Ast levels significantly (p < 0.05) increased shrimp resistance performance to V. parahaemolyticus according to the LT50 results in the current study, which may be caused by increased total carotenoid contents in shrimp tissues from all the Ast-supplemented treatments. Conversely, intestinal microbiota biodiversity and richness were not affected by dietary Ast. The best performances of growth, antioxidant status, immunological response, and carotenoid deposition were observed in diets E and F among all the Ast-supplemented treatments. Overall, all the data suggested that dietary P. rhodozyma Ast played a critical role in improving growth performance, achieving the desired coloration, increasing carotenoid content, and keeping better health status of shrimp. Based on these positive performances, P. rhodozyma Ast could gain the trust of the consumers as a natural source and provide a potential alternative for synthetic Ast using in the Penaeus monodon culture industry.
Highlights
The black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon, one of the primary farmed penaeid shrimp species worldwide, is widely distributed on the southeastern coast of China
final body weight (FBW), body weight gain (BWG), and specific growth rate (SGR) of shrimp fed with Ast including diets (B, C, D, E, and F), were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the one fed the control diet, but without significant difference (p > 0.05) with shrimp fed with high Ast levels (E and F)
The increasing dietary Ast levels improved shrimp survival and nutrient utilization of diet (FCR), and there were significant (p < 0.05) differences in D, E, and F treatments compared with the control
Summary
The black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon, one of the primary farmed penaeid shrimp species worldwide, is widely distributed on the southeastern coast of China. Due to the shortage of water and land resources, intensive farming has developed rapidly to meet the needs of the market (Biao and Yu, 2007; Zhang et al, 2017). Higher feeding densities and more significant feed inputs come with a series of problems, such as water deterioration, disease outbreaks, and lightening of body color (Chien and Jeng, 1992; Verdegem, 2013; Bossier and Ekasari, 2017; Dauda, 2020). Outbreaks of pathogenic bacteria and viral diseases would negatively affect the growth and survival, led to massive economic losses, and impede the development of P. monodon aquaculture (Soonthornchai et al, 2009; Han et al, 2015). It is crucial to supplement antioxidants and pigments to prevent and manage the possible industrial problems during intensive aquaculture
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