Effects of dietary crude protein and phytase–xylanase supplementation of wheat grain based diets on energy metabolism and enteric methane in growing finishing pigs

Abstract

Dietary crude protein (CP) reduction plus enzymes (e.g., phytase, xylanase) addition to pig diets can decrease nutrient excretion, and may reduce greenhouse gas emissions due to higher nutrient digestibility. Our objective was to study effects of CP reduction and phytase and/or xylanase inclusion in pig diets on enteric CH4 production, animal performance, dietary metabolizable energy content and nutrient utilization. In a randomized complete block design, 72 gilts (58±0.7kg, initial body weight) were housed individually and fed for ad libitum consumption 6 wheat grain based diets being: high CP control (Con), low CP with added amino acids and phosphate (LP+), low CP without phosphate (LP−), and LP− diets with added phytase (Phy), xylanase (Xyl) or phytase plus xylanase (PX). After 7d of adaptation, C and N balances were determined over 7d followed by 24h measurement of gas exchange. Energy metabolism was assessed using a C/N balance method. Mean daily gain, feed intake and gain:feed was not affected by dietary treatment. Dietary CP reduction tended to increase (P<0.1) nutrient, but not energy digestibility. Dietary CP reduction increased N (P=0.03) retention and tended (P=0.07) to increase C retention, thereby tending (P=0.097) to increase dietary net energy content. The P reduction decreased (P<0.01) aNDFom and ADFom digestibility, but had no effect on N and C balance or energy metabolism. Phytase and xylanase addition increased (P<0.02) aNDFom, ADFom and P digestibility. Other than increasing (P=0.025) dietary digestible energy content with phytase addition, phytase and xylanase addition did not affect C, N or energy balance. Xylanase and phytase did not act additively. Dietary CP reduction decreased (P=0.027) enteric CH4 production, but did not affect exhaled CO2. Dietary CP reduction decreased (P<0.01) daily N, C and P excretion. The P reduction and phytase or xylanase addition did not affect exhaled CO2, enteric CH4 output or N and C excretion. Phytase and xylanase addition, but not P reduction, decreased (P<0.01) P excretion. Results indicate that feeding low CP and P diets with added synthetic amino acids and phytase to finisher pigs optimized utilization of dietary energy, minimized nutrient excretion and lowered enteric CH4 production by pigs, while maintaining or improving pig performance.This article is part of the special issue entitled: Greenhouse Gases in Animal Agriculture – Finding a Balance between Food and Emissions, Guest Edited by T.A. McAllister, Section Guest Editors: K.A. Beauchemin, X. Hao, S. McGinn and Editor for Animal Feed Science and Technology, P.H. Robinson.