Effects of cyhalothrin-based pesticide on early life stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.).

Zuzana Richterová,Marie Ševčíková,Alžběta Stará,Jana Máchová,Zdeňka Svobodová,Josef Velíšek,Jitka Tumová

doi:10.1155/2014/107373

Abstract

The effects of Nexide (a.i. gamma-cyhalothrin 60 g L−1) on cumulative mortality, growth indices, and ontogenetic development of embryos and larvae of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were studied. Levels of oxidative stress parameters glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and lipid peroxidation were determined. Eggs of newly fertilised common carp were exposed to Nexide at concentrations 5, 25, 50, 100, and 250 μg L−1 (0.3, 1.5, 3, 6, and 15 μg L−1 gamma-cyhalothrin). All organisms exposed to concentrations higher than 50 μg L−1 died soon after hatching; at 25 μg L−1, 95% mortality was recorded. Larvae exposed to 5 μg L−1 showed significantly lower growth and retarded ontogenetic development compared to control. Histological examination of the livers of larvae from the exposed group revealed dystrophic changes. The value of detoxification enzyme GST of organisms from the exposed group was significantly higher compared to the control and the value of defensive enzyme GPx was significantly lower compared to the control. The results of our investigation confirmed that contamination of aquatic environment by pesticides containing cyhalothrin may impair growth and development of early life stages of carp and cause disbalance of defensive enzymes.

Highlights

Pyrethroids are synthetic analogues of natural pyrethrins that occur in the daisy (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) and related species
Day 18 of the test was accompanied by heavy mortality in the 25 μg L−1 group
At the conclusion of the trial, 93.5% larvae were viable in the 5 μg L−1 group and 5% in the 25 μg L−1 concentration, compared to a 95.5% survival rate in the control group

Summary

Introduction

Pyrethroids are synthetic analogues of natural pyrethrins that occur in the daisy (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) and related species. Pyrethroids have replaced natural pyrethrins as agricultural pesticides, primarily due to their greater photostability. They act through disruption of the insect nervous system, leading to hyperactivity, paralysis, and death. Pyrethroids are among the most commonly used pesticides worldwide and pose a threat to the natural environment including nontarget organisms, such as fish that are highly sensitive. Cyhalothrin is a pyrethroid that contains a cyano-3phenoxybenzyl group. It blocks sodium channels of nerve filaments by lengthening their depolarization phase as well as affecting gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors that involve chloride and calcium channels in nerve filaments [4,5,6,7]. The presence of halogens in a formulation contributes to greater persistence and provides better residual activity against insects together with higher potential for negative effects on the environment [3]

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