Abstract
The article investigates the effect of crude oil on soil microorganisms and the enzymatic activity of chernozem soils. Experiments were carried out on podzolized medium loamy chernozem in the Samara region using high-sulphur crude oil of medium density. Per 1 kg of soil, 10.00 g (1%), 30.00 g (3%) and 50.00 g (5%) of oil were applied. According to the obtained results, the native soil microbiota contains a wide variety of microorganisms capable of oxidizing both individual hydrocarbons and crude oil in general. Bacteria of the Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas and Streptomyces genera, filamentous fungi of the Aspergillus and Penicillium genera, as well as Candida yeast showed the greatest activity in the degradation of both individual hydrocarbons and crude oil in general. The soils freshly polluted with oil demonstrated an increase in the number of bacteria that consume organic forms of nitrogen, actinomycetes, fungi and hydro-carbon-oxidizing microorganisms. In addition, a growing trend in the number of autochthonous microorganisms participating in the mineralization of humic substances was observed. Following 3 months of experiments, a decrease in the number of bacteria consuming organic forms of nitrogen and actinomycetes was revealed. The number of fungi showed the most pronounced decrease upon addition of 3 and 5% of oil, while the number of autochthonous microorganisms participating in the mineralization of humic substances and hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms grew with an increase in the degree of oil pollution. Inhibition of various microorganisms by means of physical or toxic action of hydrocarbons contained in crude oil can cause a decrease in the activity of enzymes present in chernozem soils. Oil hydrocarbons inhibit the activity of polyphenol oxidase, catalase, invertase, phosphatase and lipase present in chernozem soils, although slightly stimulating the peroxidase activity. A decrease in the soil humification coefficient indicates that the oxidation of humic substances prevail over the decomposition of organic aromatic compounds into soil humus components, as well as a decrease in soil fertility as a result of its contamination with crude oil hydrocarbons.
Highlights
The article investigates the effect of crude oil on soil microorganisms and the enzymatic activity of chernozem soils
While the number of autochthonous microorganisms participating in the mineralization of humic substances and hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms grew with an increase in the degree of oil pollution
Inhibition of various microorganisms by means of physical or toxic action of hydrocarbons contained in crude oil can cause a decrease in the activity of enzymes present in chernozem soils
Summary
Резюме: Изучено воздействие нефти на микроорганизмы и ферментативную активность черноземной почвы. Результаты исследований показали, что среди аборигенной микробиоты почвы имеется большое разнообразие родов микроорганизмов, способных окислять и отдельные углеводороды, и сырую нефть в целом. При свежем загрязнении нефтью наблюдалось повышение численности бактерий, использующих органические формы азота, актиномицетов, грибов, углеводородокисляющих микроорганизмов, также отмечена тенденция к увеличению численности автохтонных микроорганизмов, участвующих в минерализации гумусовых веществ. Через 3 месяца исследований было выявлено снижение численности бактерий, использующих органические формы азота, и актиномицетов; численность грибов больше всего снижается при внесении в почву 3 и 5% нефти, а численность автохтонных микроорганизмов, участвующих в минерализации гумусовых веществ, и углеводородокисляющих микроорганизмов возрастает при повышении степени нефтяного загрязнения. Угнетение различных групп микроорганизмов путем физического или токсического воздействия углеводородов сырой нефти может быть причиной снижения активности различных ферментов черноземной почвы.
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