Abstract
In this study, the effects of coronatine treatment on the growth, comprehensive metabolic profiles, and productivity of bioactive compounds, including phenolics and phytosterols, in whole plant cultures of Lemna paucicostata were investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. To determine the optimal timing of coronatine elicitation, coronatine was added on days 0, 23, and 28 after inoculation. The total growth of L. paucicostata was not significantly different between the coronatine treated groups and the control. The coronatine treatment in L. paucicostata induced increases in the content of hydroxycinnamic acids, such as caffeic acid, isoferulic acid, ρ-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, and phytosterols, such as campesterol and β-sitosterol. The productivity of these useful metabolites was highest when coronatine was added on day 0 and harvested on day 32. These results suggest that coronatine treatment on day 0 activates the phenolic and phytosterol biosynthetic pathways in L. paucicostata to a greater extent than in the control. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to investigate the effects of coronatine on the alteration of metabolism in L. paucicostata based on GC-MS profiling. The results of this research provide a foundation for designing strategies for enhanced production of useful metabolites for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries by cultivation of L. paucicostata.
Highlights
Lemna paucicostata is a free-floating aquatic plant, which belongs to the Araceae family, and it is commonly found in ponds or in rice fields [1,2]
The effects of coronatine treatment on the dry weights of one frond of L. paucicostata are shown in Fig 1B; these values were determined by dividing the total dry weights by the number of whole fronds of L. paucicostata (S2 Fig)
It can be inferred that the energy source was used to differentiate the plant cells and increase the number of whole fronds rather than to increase the dry weights of a single frond of L. paucicostata when coronatine treatment was applied on day 0
Summary
Lemna paucicostata (commonly known as duckweed) is a free-floating aquatic plant, which belongs to the Araceae family, and it is commonly found in ponds or in rice fields [1,2]. Previous studies have reported that duckweed can play a positive role in ecologically and economically by removing toxic substances such as antimicrobials, boron, and benzotriazoles, from contaminated water resources [4,5,6]. Effects of coronatine elicitation on growth and metabolic profiles of Lemna paucicostata culture action and for the discovery of novel mode of action of various herbicides [7]. L. paucicostata extract has important pharmacological roles because of its antitumor and immunomodulatory activities [2]
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