Abstract
The Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta‐Analysis copy number variant (ENIGMA‐CNV) and 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Working Groups (22q‐ENIGMA WGs) were created to gain insight into the involvement of genetic factors in human brain development and related cognitive, psychiatric and behavioral manifestations. To that end, the ENIGMA‐CNV WG has collated CNV and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from ~49,000 individuals across 38 global research sites, yielding one of the largest studies to date on the effects of CNVs on brain structures in the general population. The 22q‐ENIGMA WG includes 12 international research centers that assessed over 533 individuals with a confirmed 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, 40 with 22q11.2 duplications, and 333 typically developing controls, creating the largest‐ever 22q11.2 CNV neuroimaging data set. In this review, we outline the ENIGMA infrastructure and procedures for multi‐site analysis of CNVs and MRI data. So far, ENIGMA has identified effects of the 22q11.2, 16p11.2 distal, 15q11.2, and 1q21.1 distal CNVs on subcortical and cortical brain structures. Each CNV is associated with differences in cognitive, neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric traits, with characteristic patterns of brain structural abnormalities. Evidence of gene‐dosage effects on distinct brain regions also emerged, providing further insight into genotype–phenotype relationships. Taken together, these results offer a more comprehensive picture of molecular mechanisms involved in typical and atypical brain development. This “genotype‐first” approach also contributes to our understanding of the etiopathogenesis of brain disorders. Finally, we outline future directions to better understand effects of CNVs on brain structure and behavior.
Highlights
Members of ENIGMA-copy number variants (CNVs) Working Group and ENIGMA 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Working Group are given in Appendix
The high odds ratio (>10) (Marshall et al, 2017) for neurodevelopmental disorders associated with specific CNVs is in contrast to the highest effect sizes identified for individual common genetic variants in SCZ (OR = 1.09; SCZ WG of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, 2014), bipolar disorder (OR = 1.13; Stahl et al, 2019), ASD (OR = 1.25; Grove et al, 2019), major depressive disorder (OR = 1.05; Wray et al, 2018) and attention deficit hyperacrelating to low power and replicability, of prior brain imaging CNV
A common finding across all four CNVs studied by the 22q11-ENIGMA
Summary
European Union's Horizon2020 Research and Innovation Programme, Grant/Award Number: CoMorMent project; Grant #847776; KG. The high odds ratio (>10) (Marshall et al, 2017) for neurodevelopmental disorders associated with specific CNVs is in contrast to the highest effect sizes identified for individual common genetic variants in SCZ (OR = 1.09; SCZ WG of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, 2014), bipolar disorder (OR = 1.13; Stahl et al, 2019), ASD (OR = 1.25; Grove et al, 2019), major depressive disorder (OR = 1.05; Wray et al, 2018) and attention deficit hyperacrelating to low power and replicability, of prior brain imaging CNV tivity disorder (ADHD; OR = 1.12; Demontis et al, 2019) This has studies and to foster collaborative discovery. Such high penetrance is positively correlated with the proportion of de novo occurrence in the population
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