Effects of convective parameterization schemes on estimation of the annual wet deposition over Northeast Asia

Abstract

Abstract This paper presents technique used to estimate annual total wet depositions of NO3− and SO42−, and describes their sensitivities arising from various convective parameterization schemes over Northeast Asia. The representative synoptic meteorological conditions for the precipitation were identified by employing a cluster analysis technique, and four cumulus convective parameterization schemes, the Anthes–Kuo (AK), Betts–Miller (BM), Grell (GR), and Kain–Fritsch 2 (KF2) schemes, were applied to estimate annual wet deposition simulations. The four convective parameterization schemes were found to reproduce the overall observed precipitation band for each of the classified synoptic patterns. When cluster analysis was used with these four schemes, the estimated annual total wet depositions of SO42− and NO3− over South Korea were found to reach 184–197 and 277–337 kton year−1, respectively, with the highest estimation found with the KF2 scheme. These estimates were higher than the results of the continuous full year-long simulations by three dimensional comprehensive acid deposition model, which found values of 130 kton year−1 for SO42− and 270 kton year−1 for NO3−. There was a 15.2% variability in the annual total precipitation from the use of the different convective parameterizations of the four schemes, but the annual total wet depositions of the four cloud parameterization schemes were in good agreement, with estimated variabilities of approximately 9.1 and 8.8% for SO42− and NO3−, respectively. At less than ∼10%, these variations were small and negligible in an estimation of the long-term depositions over the region of Korean Peninsula.