Abstract
The effect of calcium consumption in the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains controversial, and depends on food calcium sources. This prospective study aimed to evaluate the association between calcium-rich food consumption and T2DM incidence among Korean adults. We analyzed the data of 8574 adults aged 40–69 years, without a history of T2DM, cardiovascular disease, and cancer at the baseline from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. The consumption of calcium-rich foods was assessed using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. T2DM-related data were collected using biennial questionnaires, health examinations, and clinical tests. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. In the multivariate-adjusted model, yogurt intake was inversely associated with T2DM risk (HR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.61–0.88 in the fourth quartile as compared to the first quartile). However, the intakes of other calcium-rich foods, including milk and anchovies, were not significantly associated with T2DM risk. Yogurt may provide protective effects against T2DM in Korean adults, owing to the beneficial effects of probiotics. Further prospective large-scale cohort studies should be conducted to validate these findings.
Highlights
In the multivariate-adjusted model, yogurt intake was inversely associated with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk (HR: 0.73; 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 0.61–0.88 in the fourth quartile as compared to the first quartile)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease resulting from metabolic impairment owing to hyperglycemia
A higher intake of calcium-rich foods was observed among women (p < 0.001), residents of Ansan (p < 0.001), individuals with moderate physical activity (p < 0.001), non-drinkers (p < 0.001), non-smokers (p < 0.001), and users of dietary supplements (p < 0.001)
Summary
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease resulting from metabolic impairment owing to hyperglycemia. T2DM can be caused by either insulin resistance or impaired insulin secretion [1], and is considered a component of metabolic syndrome [2]. The global prevalence of T2DM has been increasing and is predicted to increase from 8.8% in 2015 to 10.4% by 2040 [3]. T2DM in Korea is higher than the average in OECD countries [4]. The 2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey revealed that 11.3% of adults aged ≥30 years have T2DM [5]. T2DM causes several health complications, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), an increase in morbidity and mortality, and a persistent aggravation of socioeconomic burden, making it a public health issue that demands constant attention worldwide [6]
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