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Abstract
Mao seed is a by-product of the wine and juice industry, which could be used in animal nutrition. The current study was designed to determine the effect of supplementation of mao (Antidesma thwaitesianum Muell. Arg.) seed meal (MOSM) containing condensed tannins (CT) on rumen fermentation, nitrogen (N) utilization and microbial protein synthesis in goats. Four crossbred (Thai Native×Anglo Nubian) goats with initial body weight (BW) 20±2 kg were randomly assigned to a 4×4 Latin square design. The four dietary treatments were MOSM supplementation at 0%, 0.8%, 1.6%, and 2.4% of total dry matter (DM) intake, respectively. During the experimental periods, all goats were fed a diet containing roughage to concentrate ratio of 60:40 at 3.0% BW/d and pangola grass hay was used as a roughage source. Results showed that supplementation with MOSM did not affect feed intake, nutrient intakes and apparent nutrient digestibility (p>0.05). In addition, ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) were not influenced by MOSM supplementation, whilst blood urea nitrogen was decreased quadraticly (p<0.05) in goats supplemented with MOSM at 2.4% of total DM intake. Propionate was increased linearly with MOSM supplementation, whereas acetate and butyrate were remained the same. Moreover, estimated ruminal methane (CH4) was decreased linearly (p<0.05) when goats were fed with MOSM at 1.6% and 2.4% of total DM intake. Numbers of bacteria and protozoa were similar among treatments (p>0.05). There were linear decreases in urinary N (p<0.01) and total N excretion (p<0.01) by MOSM supplementation. Furthermore, N retention was increased linearly (p<0.05) when goats were fed with MOSM supplementation at 1.6% and 2.4% of total DM intake. Microbial protein synthesis were not significantly different among treatments (p>0.05). From the current study, it can be concluded that supplementation of MOSM at 1.6% to 2.4% of total DM intake can be used to modify ruminal fermentation, especially propionate and N utilization in goats, without affecting the nutrient digestibility, microbial populations and microbial protein synthesis.
Highlights
Many feed additives have been developed to improve the efficiency of nutrient use by decreasing methane (CH4)Submitted Jul. 4, 2015; Revised Oct. 12, 2015; Accepted Oct. 19, 2015 production and reducing nitrogen (N) excretion, among which ionophore antibiotics have been successful
The results show that feed intake, nutrient intakes and apparent nutrient digestibility were not affected by mao seed meal (MOSM) supplementation (p>0.05)
Beauchemin et al (2008) reported that feed intake was reduced by high doses (>50 g/kg dry matter (DM)) of condensed tannins (CT) uptake
Summary
Many feed additives have been developed to improve the efficiency of nutrient use by decreasing methane (CH4)Submitted Jul. 4, 2015; Revised Oct. 12, 2015; Accepted Oct. 19, 2015 production and reducing nitrogen (N) excretion, among which ionophore antibiotics have been successful. Many feed additives have been developed to improve the efficiency of nutrient use by decreasing methane (CH4). Ionophore antibiotics have been banned in Europe since 2006, and many countries outside the European Union are considering a ban (Jayanegara et al, 2009). For this reason, attention has recently shifted to natural antimicrobials as a safe means of modifying ruminal fermentation. The use of plant secondary compounds, including tannins and saponins, that are potent modifiers of ruminal fermentation and intraruminal recycling of microbial protein aims at improving the efficiency of dietary N utilization and mitigating N losses in ruminants (Hristov and Jouany, 2005).
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