Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most dangerous mycotoxins for humans and animals. This study aimed to investigate the effects of compound probiotics (CP), CP supernatant (CPS), AFB1-degradation enzyme (ADE) on chicken embryo primary intestinal epithelium, liver and kidney cell viabilities, and to determine the functions of CP + ADE (CPADE) or CPS + ADE (CPSADE) for alleviating cytotoxicity induced by AFB1. The results showed that AFB1 decreased cell viabilities in dose-dependent and time-dependent manners. The optimal AFB1 concentrations and reactive time for establishing cell damage models were 200 µg/L AFB1 and 12 h for intestinal epithelium cells, 40 µg/L and 12 h for liver and kidney cells. Cell viabilities reached 231.58% (p < 0.05) for intestinal epithelium cells with CP addition, 105.29% and 115.84% (p < 0.05) for kidney and liver cells with CPS additions. The further results showed that intestinal epithelium, liver and kidney cell viabilities were significantly decreased to 87.12%, 88.7% and 84.19% (p < 0.05) when the cells were exposed to AFB1; however, they were increased to 93.49% by CPADE addition, 102.33% and 94.71% by CPSADE additions (p < 0.05). The relative mRNA abundances of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, iNOS, NF-κB, NOD1 (except liver cell) and TLR2 in three kinds of primary cells were significantly down-regulated by CPADE or CPSADE addition, compared with single AFB1 group (p < 0.05), indicating that CPADE or CPSADE addition could alleviate cell cytotoxicity and inflammation induced by AFB1 exposure through suppressing the activations of NF-κB, iNOS, NOD1 and TLR2 pathways.
Highlights
Mycotoxins are toxigenic fungal secondary metabolites that mainly produced by Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium to have great threat to human and animal health globally
The further results showed that intestinal epithelium, liver and kidney cell viabilities were significantly decreased to 87.12%, 88.7% and 84.19% (p < 0.05) when the cells were exposed to Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1); they were increased to 93.49% by CP + ADE (CPADE) addition, 102.33% and 94.71% by CPS + ADE (CPSADE) additions (p < 0.05)
The previous report in our laboratory showed that CPADE and CPSADE were more effective than compound probiotics (CP), CP supernatant (CPS) and AFB1-degradation enzyme (ADE) for degrading AFB1 (Huang et al 2018); CP, CPS and ADE were not considered for alleviating cytotoxicity induced by AFB1 in this study
Summary
Mycotoxins are toxigenic fungal secondary metabolites that mainly produced by Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium to have great threat to human and animal health globally. AFB1 is able to cause poor feed efficacy, hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, immunosuppressive and other devastating effects on humans and animals (Meissonnier et al 2008; Trebak et al 2015; Zhang et al 2016). It is classified as the category one carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC 2012). AFB1 residues in poultry body will cause potential health hazard for humans and itself (Peng et al 2014). AFB1 can cause apoptosis, gross and histopathological lesions in different organs, especially in liver, kidney, muscles and bursa of Fabricius (Chen et al 2014; Peng et al 2014). It is necessary to develop effective detoxification strategies to increase AFB1 degradation and alleviate A FB1-induced inflammatory and immunosuppression in chickens
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