Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the non-volatile composition and antioxidant differences of lemon essential oils (LEOs) obtained by cold-pressing vs. hydrodistillation. Pathological observations showed that LEO effectively inhibited liver injury caused by oxidative stress, and CPLEO was more effective than HDLEO. CPLEO increased serum T-AOC, SOD, GSH, and GSH-Px levels while decreasing NO, COX-2, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α levels in mice with oxidative damage. The effects of CPLEO were stronger than those of HDLEO and similar to those of vitamin C. CPLEO upregulated mRNA and protein expressions of Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, CAT, HO-1, Nrf2, and NQO1 while downregulating nNOS, iNOS, IL-1β, COX-2, TNF-α, and NF-κB mRNA expression and nNOS, eNOS, iNOS, and COX-2 protein expression in mice with oxidative damage. The results demonstrate that LEO has good antioxidant effects and that CPLEO has a better antioxidant effect than HDLEO as it retains more active non-volatile substances.
Highlights
Lemon is an acidic fruit that is consumed by humans and is one of the most medicinal fruits in the world
Free radicals are the intermediate products of normal metabolism
Oxidative stress, which is the result of increased production and/or decreased scavenging ability of free radicals, impairs the oxidative and antioxidant systems in organisms, leading to oxidative damage via accumulation of free radicals and this process is an important aspect of aging [20]
Summary
Lemon is an acidic fruit that is consumed by humans and is one of the most medicinal fruits in the world. It is rich in vitamin C (Vc), calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, etc. Studies have shown that lemon essential oil can improve circulatory system function; for example, it can promote blood circulation, reduce blood pressure and stop nosebleeds. It can strengthen the immune system; improve digestive system function; decompose fat; treat dyspepsia and constipation; soothe headaches, including migraines; and help to treat arthritis and rheumatism by combining with
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