Abstract
Since the mid-1980s, significant changes in climate conditions have occurred, and trends of dryness in the Kinneret drainage basin have been documented, including a temperature increase and precipitation decline. The precipitation decline, and consequently the reduction in river discharge, resulted in a decrease in TP (total phosphorus) flux into Lake Kinneret. After the drainage of the Hula natural wetlands and old Lake Hula during the 1950s, the ecological characteristics of the Hula Valley were modified. Nutrient fluxes downstream into Lake Kinneret were therefore predicted. The impacts of climate conditions (precipitation and discharge) on TP (total phosphorus) outsourcing through erosive action are significant: higher and lower discharge enhances and reduces TP load, respectively. The total TP flushing range from the Hula Valley peat soil through the subterranean medium and where TP is directed are not precisely known but are probably outside Lake Kinneret. Most runoff water and mediated TP originates from bedrock through erosive action. Long-term records of TP concentrations in headwaters and potential resources in the Hula Valley confirmed the significant influence of climate conditions on the outsourcing of TP capacity. The impacts of agricultural development, external fertilizer loads and migratory cranes in the winter are probably insignificant.
Highlights
Climate 2021, 9, 142. https://doi.org/A wide range of chemical, agricultural, biological, and environmental characteristics of the Hula Valley have been documented
Changes in climate conditions were reflected by the lowering of the ground water table (GWT) in the Hula Valley (Figure 12)
A mild temporal increase in epilimnetic total phosphorus (TP) in Lake Kinneret was documented during 1970–2001 [26]
Summary
A wide range of chemical, agricultural, biological, and environmental characteristics of the Hula Valley have been documented. Phosphorus, manganese, and organic matter relationships in the Hula Valley peat soil [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10], as well as the effects of geochemical parameters, pH, oxidation–reduction (redox), wettability (rainfall, irrigation), soil properties, temperature, and agricultural management (fertilization) conditions on the dynamics of phosphorus and TP (Total Phosphorus) bound-release mechanism from peat soil particle have been thoroughly investigated. Information on phosphorus transportation and migration in relation to topography, hydrology, vegetation coverage, and land use management has been widely discussed [16]. A quantitative analysis of the relative impacts of various sources of total phosphorus (TP) on the
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