Abstract
Cereals and soybeans are the main food sources for the majority of Chinese. This study evaluated the effects of four common cooking methods including steaming, boiling, frying, and milking on selenium (Se) content and speciation in seven selenium bio-fortified cereals and soybeans samples. The Se concentrations in the selected samples ranged from 0.91 to 110.8 mg/kg and selenomethionine (SeMet) was detected to be the main Se species. Total Se loss was less than 8.1% during the processes of cooking except milking, while 49.1% of the total Se was lost in milking soybean for soy milk due to high level of Se in residuals. It was estimated that about 13.5, 24.0, 3.1, and 46.9% of SeMet were lost during the processes of steaming, boiling, frying, and milking, respectively. Meanwhile, selenocystine (SeCys2) and methylselenocysteine (SeMeCys) were lost completely from the boiled cereals. Hence, steaming and frying were recommended to cook Se-biofortified cereals in order to minimize the loss of Se.
Highlights
Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient both for humans and animals
The recovery of the standard reference materials ranged from 85.5% to 117.8% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of reference materials was calculated as 0.76%
The method detection limits for Se was evaluated on the basis of the standard deviation (SD) of the signals measured (15 times) for the blank solution, and the detection limit of HG-atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) method for samples was 0.08 μg/kg
Summary
Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient both for humans and animals. It forms an important component of glutathione peroxidase as the well-known antioxidant combating oxidative damage at cellular level [1]. Se deficiency has been associated with the endemic cardiomyopathy called Keshan disease and a type of osteoarthritis (Kashin–Beck disease) reported primarily in northeast China or in low soil-Se regions [6,7]. According to World Health Organization (WHO), China is one of the 40 countries assigned as a low-Se or Se deficient area [9]. Soil-Se deficiency was observed in China from northeast to southwest, including 22 provinces and districts. Approximately 70 million people suffered from potential adverse health impacts of Se deficiency. In the 1990s, the dietary Se-intake of Chinese adult women was only 35.1 μg/day [10], which is much less than the Se recommended daily allowance (RDA)
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