Effects of Child-Care Programs on Women's Work Effort

Abstract

Previous articleNext article No AccessEffects of Child-Care Programs on Women's Work EffortJames J. HeckmanJames J. Heckman Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Political Economy Volume 82, Number 2, Part 2Mar. - Apr., 1974Part 2: Marriage, Family Human Capital, and Fertility Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/260297 Views: 108Total views on this site Citations: 164Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1974 The National Bureau of Economic ResearchPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Jie Wei, Yonghui Zhang Panel Probit Models with Time‐Varying Individual Effects: Reestimating the Effects of Fertility on Female Labour Participation*, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 84, no.44 (Dec 2021): 799–829.https://doi.org/10.1111/obes.12478Çisel Ekiz Gökmen A new perspective on women’s care burden and employment in Turkey, New Perspectives on Turkey 66 (Nov 2021): 11–34.https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2021.21C. Katharina Spieß Kita-Ökonomik – eine Perspektive für Deutschland, Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik 23, no.11 (Apr 2022): 25–37.https://doi.org/10.1515/pwp-2021-0034Ariel Marek Pihl Head Start and mothers’ work: Free child care or something more?, Labour Economics 75 (Apr 2022): 102138.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102138Gang Xie, Lei Zhang Effects of school closure on household labor supply: Evidence from rural China, China Economic Review 71 (Feb 2022): 101737.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2021.101737Elham Taheri, Fatma Güven Lisaniler, Cem Payaslioğlu Female Labour Force Participation: What Prevents Sustainable Development Goals from Being Realised in Iran?, Sustainability 13, no.2121 (Oct 2021): 11918.https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111918David Jaume, Alexander Willén The effect of teacher strikes on parents, Journal of Development Economics 152 (Sep 2021): 102679.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102679Christoph Zangger, Janine Widmer, Sandra Gilgen Work, Childcare, or Both? Experimental Evidence on the Efficacy of Childcare Subsidies in Raising Parental Labor Supply, Journal of Family and Economic Issues 42, no.33 (Jan 2021): 449–472.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-020-09749-xGema Zamarro, María J. Prados Gender differences in couples’ division of childcare, work and mental health during COVID-19, Review of Economics of the Household 19, no.11 (Jan 2021): 11–40.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-020-09534-7Tobias Laun, Johanna Wallenius Having It All? Employment, Earnings, and Children*, The Scandinavian Journal of Economics 123, no.11 (Jul 2019): 353–381.https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12346Gema Zamarro Family labor participation and child care decisions: the role of grannies, SERIEs 11, no.33 (Feb 2020): 287–312.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13209-020-00213-5Gerhard Glomm, Volker Meier Efficient child care subsidies: any need for cash for care?, Review of Economics of the Household 18, no.33 (May 2020): 773–793.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-020-09488-wTine Hufkens, Francesco Figari, Dieter Vandelannoote, Gerlinde Verbist Investing in subsidized childcare to reduce poverty, Journal of European Social Policy 30, no.33 (Aug 2019): 306–319.https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928719868448Nezih Guner, Remzi Kaygusuz, Gustavo Ventura Child-Related Transfers, Household Labour Supply, and Welfare, The Review of Economic Studies 17 (Mar 2020).https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdaa011Kai-Uwe Müller, Katharina Wrohlich Does subsidized care for toddlers increase maternal labor supply? Evidence from a large-scale expansion of early childcare, Labour Economics 62 (Jan 2020): 101776.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2019.101776Scott Barkowski, Joanne McLaughlin, Yinlin Dai Young Children and Parents' Labor Supply during COVID-19, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2020).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3630776Patrick O. Asuming, Ayaga A. Bawah, Edmund Wedam Kanmiki, James F. Phillips Does expanding community-based primary health care coverage also address unmet need for family planning and improve program impact? Findings from a plausibility trial in northern Ghana, Journal of Global Health Science 2, no.11 (Jan 2020).https://doi.org/10.35500/jghs.2020.2.e18Mallory C. Sheff, Elizabeth F. Jackson, Almamy M. Kanté, Asinath Rusibamayila, James F. Phillips The impact of adding community-based distribution of oral contraceptives and condoms to a cluster randomized primary health care intervention in rural Tanzania, Reproductive Health 16, no.11 (Dec 2019).https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-019-0836-0Magali Beffy, Richard Blundell, Antoine Bozio, Guy Laroque, Maxime Tô Labour supply and taxation with restricted choices, Journal of Econometrics 211, no.11 (Jul 2019): 16–46.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2018.12.004Ayaga A. Bawah, John Koku Awoonor-Williams, Patrick O. Asuming, Elizabeth F. Jackson, Christopher B. Boyer, Edmund W. Kanmiki, Sebastian F. Achana, James Akazili, James F. Phillips, Beena Kamath-Rayne The child survival impact of the Ghana Essential Health Interventions Program: A health systems strengthening plausibility trial in Northern Ghana, PLOS ONE 14, no.66 (Jun 2019): e0218025.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218025Fenglian Du, Xiao-yuan Dong, Yinyu Zhang Grandparent-provided childcare and labor force participation of mothers with preschool children in Urban China, China Population and Development Studies 2, no.44 (Jan 2019): 347–368.https://doi.org/10.1007/s42379-018-00020-3James F. Phillips, Elizabeth F. Jackson, Ayaga A. Bawah, Patrick O. Asuming, John Koku Awoonor-Williams The fertility impact of achieving universal health coverage in an impoverished rural region of Northern Ghana, Gates Open Research 3 (Sep 2019): 1537.https://doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12993.1Patricia Apps, Ray Rees Optimal family taxation and income inequality, International Tax and Public Finance 25, no.55 (Apr 2018): 1093–1128.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-018-9492-5Seokjin Woo, Byung-hill Jun How long is the queuing for public childcare facilities in Korea? An empirical analysis of Korean households' childcare mode choice with the limited availability of public childcare facilities, Asian Social Work and Policy Review 12, no.33 (Jul 2018): 144–157.https://doi.org/10.1111/aswp.12146Marc K. Chan, Robert Moffitt Welfare Reform and the Labor Market, Annual Review of Economics 10, no.11 (Aug 2018): 347–381.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080217-053452, Seeun Park, Sun Go The Effect of Children's Age on Married Women's Career Reinterruption, Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business 9, no.77 (Jul 2018): 43–52.https://doi.org/10.13106/ijidb.2018.vol9.no7.43.Christina Gathmann and Björn Sass Taxing Childcare: Effects on Childcare Choices, Family Labor Supply, and Children, Journal of Labor Economics 36, no.33 (Apr 2018): 665–709.https://doi.org/10.1086/696143Leonie van Breeschoten, Anne Roeters, Tanja van der Lippe Reasons to Reduce: A Vignette-Experiment Examining Men and Women’s Considerations to Scale Back Following Childbirth, Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 25, no.22 (Feb 2018): 169–200.https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxy003Yafeng Wang, Chuanchuan Zhang Gender Inequalities in Labor Market Outcomes of Informal Caregivers near Retirement Age in Urban China, Feminist Economics 24, no.22 (Oct 2017): 147–170.https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2017.1383618Yueping Song, Xiao-yuan Dong Childcare Costs and Migrant and Local Mothers' Labor Force Participation in Urban China, Feminist Economics 24, no.22 (Nov 2017): 122–146.https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2017.1398405Peter Rupert, Giulio Zanella Grandchildren and their grandparents' labor supply, Journal of Public Economics 159 (Mar 2018): 89–103.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2017.12.013Qing Wang Male Migration and Female Labor Market Attachment, International Migration Review 52, no.11 (Jun 2018): 66–89.https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12290Akira Yakita , Journal of Population Economics 31, no.44 ( 2018): 1177.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-017-0675-7Mark R. Killingsworth Labour Supply of Women, (Feb 2018): 7480–7498.https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_1160Richard Blundell, Thomas MaCurdy Labour Supply, (Feb 2018): 7462–7479.https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_2360Jaehee Choi, Haeil Jung The Effect of Child's School Entry on Maternal Employment: Regression Discontinuity Evidence from South Korea, Journal of International Development 29, no.88 (Sep 2017): 1075–1105.https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3312Mareike Bünning The association between social support networks and maternal employment: a comparison of western German, eastern German, and migrant mothers of preschool-aged children, Community, Work & Family 20, no.33 (Nov 2016): 273–291.https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2016.1256270Keshar Ghimire Impact of Children's Health Insurance Bene fit on Labor Supply: Evidence from Newly Arrived Immigrants in the United States, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2017).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2984979Martina Dieckhoff, Vanessa Gash, Antje Mertens, Laura Romeu Gordo A stalled revolution? What can we learn from women’s drop-out to part-time jobs: A comparative analysis of Germany and the UK, Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 46 (Dec 2016): 129–140.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2016.09.001Alexander Bick THE QUANTITATIVE ROLE OF CHILD CARE FOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION AND FERTILITY, Journal of the European Economic Association 14, no.33 (Jul 2015): 639–668.https://doi.org/10.1111/jeea.12143Pieter A. Gautier, José L. Moraga-González, Ronald P. Wolthoff Search costs and efficiency: Do unemployed workers search enough?, European Economic Review 84 (May 2016): 123–139.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.04.001Joseph Oscar Akotey, Charles K.D. Adjasi Does Microcredit Increase Household Welfare in the Absence of Microinsurance?, World Development 77 (Jan 2016): 380–394.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.09.005Nir Billfeld, Moshe Kim Truncation Bias, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2016).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2786263Vívian dos Santos Queiroz, Jorge Alberto Orellana Aragón, , Alocação de tempo em trabalho pelas mulheres brasileiras, Estudos Econômicos (São Paulo) 45, no.44 (Dec 2015): 787–819.https://doi.org/10.1590/0101-416145484vqjDuo Qin Resurgence of the Endogeneity-Backed Instrumental Variable Methods, Economics 9, no.11 (Feb 2015).https://doi.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2015-7Kai-Uwe Müller, Katharina Wrohlich Two Steps Forward—One Step Back? Evaluating Contradicting Child Care Policies in Germany, CESifo Economic Studies (Nov 2015): ifv020.https://doi.org/10.1093/cesifo/ifv020Liangjun Su, Yundong Tu, Aman Ullah Testing Additive Separability of Error Term in Nonparametric Structural Models, Econometric Reviews 34, no.6-106-10 (Dec 2014): 1057–1088.https://doi.org/10.1080/07474938.2014.956621Wladimir Zanoni, Gabriel Weinberger Effects of Childcare Subsidies on Employment and Earnings of Low-Income Mothers, The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 15, no.22 (Apr 2015): 589–619.https://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2014-0128Francesca Carta, Lucia Rizzica Female Employment and Pre-Kindergarten: On the Uninteded Effects of an Italian Reform, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2015).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2722504Benjamin Artz, David M. Welsch Childcare quality and pricing: evidence from Wisconsin, Applied Economics 46, no.3535 (Sep 2014): 4276–4289.https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2014.955256Bruno Arpino, Chiara D. Pronzato, Lara P. Tavares The Effect of Grandparental Support on Mothers’ Labour Market Participation: An Instrumental Variable Approach, European Journal of Population 30, no.44 (Jul 2014): 369–390.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-014-9319-8Rolf Aaberge, Ugo Colombino Labour Supply Models, (Oct 2014): 167–221.https://doi.org/10.1108/S0573-855520140000293006Joseph Oscar Akotey, Charles Adjasi The Impact of Microinsurance on Household Asset Accumulation in Ghana: An Asset Index Approach, The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice 39, no.22 (Apr 2014): 304–321.https://doi.org/10.1057/gpp.2014.6Junichi Minagawa, Thorsten Upmann A Single Parent’s Labor Supply: Evaluating Different Child Care Fees within an Intertemporal Framework, The B.E. Journal of Theoretical Economics 14, no.11 (Jan 2014): 177–215.https://doi.org/10.1515/bejte-2012-0026Peter Rupert, Giulio Zanella Grandchildren and Their Grandparentss Labor Supply, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2014).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2424781Fenglian Du / Xiao-yuan Dong Women’s Employment and Child Care Choices in Urban China during the Economic Transition, Economic Development and Cultural Change 62, no.11 (Jul 2015): 131–155.https://doi.org/10.1086/671714Heeju Shin Coresident Extended Kin and Time Allocation Among Employed Mothers in Mexico, Journal of Family Issues 34, no.77 (Jun 2012): 918–951.https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X12448740John Koku Awoonor-Williams, Ayaga A Bawah, Frank K Nyonator, Rofina Asuru, Abraham Oduro, Anthony Ofosu, James F Phillips The Ghana essential health interventions program: a plausibility trial of the impact of health systems strengthening on maternal & child survival, BMC Health Services Research 13, no.S2S2 (May 2013).https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-13-S2-S3D. Domeij, P. Klein Should Day Care be Subsidized?, The Review of Economic Studies 80, no.22 (Oct 2012): 568–595.https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rds035Katarzyna Saczuk Models and Factors of Labour Force Participation—Theoretical and Empirical Considerations, (Aug 2012): 127–142.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8948-9_8Tarek Mostafa, Andy Green Pre-School Education and Care: A ‘Win-Win’ Policy?, (Jan 2013): 160–180.https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137025692_8Qing Wang Male Migration and Female Labor Force Participation: New Evidence from the Mexican Family Life Survey, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2013).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2232117ROBERT BREUNIG, XIAODONG GONG, ANTHONY KING Partnered Women's Labour Supply and Child-Care Costs in Australia: Measurement Error and the Child-Care Price*, Economic Record 88 (Jun 2012): 51–69.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2012.00797.xJunyi Zhang, Lili Xu, Akimasa Fujiwara Developing an integrated scobit-based activity participation and time allocation model to explore influence of childcare on women’s time use behaviour, Transportation 39, no.11 (Jan 2011): 125–149.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-011-9321-5Christina Gathmann, Bjoern Sass Taxing Childcare: Effects on Family Labor Supply and Children, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2012).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2046944Mareike Wagner The Impact of Social Support Networks on Maternal Employment: A Comparison of West German, East German and Migrant Mothers of Pre-School Children, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2012).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2146571Bruno Arpino, Chiara Pronzato, Lara Patrrcio Tavares Mothers' Labour Market Participation: Do Grandparents Make it Easier?, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2012).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2284853Bea Cantillon The paradox of the social investment state: growth, employment and poverty in the Lisbon era, Journal of European Social Policy 21, no.55 (Dec 2011): 432–449.https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928711418856Nicola Barban, Michael J. White Immigrants’ Children’s Transition to Secondary School in Italy, International Migration Review 45, no.33 (Sep 2011): 702–726.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2011.00863.xRalitza Dimova, François-Charles Wolff Do downward private transfers enhance maternal labor supply? Evidence from around Europe, Journal of Population Economics 24, no.33 (Feb 2010): 911–933.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-010-0305-0JOHN S. HEYWOOD, W.S. SIEBERT, XIANGDONG WEI Estimating the Use of Agency Workers: Can Family-Friendly Practices Reduce Their Use?, Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 50, no.33 (Jun 2011): 535–564.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232X.2011.00645.x Analysis and Adjustment Accounting for the Cause of Nonresponse, (Jan 2011): 353–394.https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470891056.ch12Alexander Bick The Quantitative Role of Child Care for Female Labor Force Participation and Fertility, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2011).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1688845Gema Zamarro Family Labor Participation and Child Care Decisions: The Role of Grannies, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2011).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1758938Katharina Wrohlich Labor Supply and Child Care Choices in a Rationed Child Care Market, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2011).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1954648Marianne Simonsen Price of High-quality Daycare and Female Employment, Scandinavian Journal of Economics 79 (Jul 2010): no–no.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9442.2010.01617.xBernard Fortin, Nicolas Jacquemet, Bruce Shearer Labour Supply, Work Effort and Contract Choice: Theory and Evidence on Physicians, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2010).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1682101Toni Naccarato, Kyoungdon Park Educational Goal Advancement of Foster Youth and the Independent Living Program, Journal of Public Child Welfare 3, no.44 (Dec 2009): 372–390.https://doi.org/10.1080/15548730903347846Cristina Borra, Luis Palma Child Care Choices in Spain, Journal of Family and Economic Issues 30, no.44 (Sep 2009): 323–338.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-009-9167-6Armin Falk, James J. Heckman Lab Experiments Are a Major Source of Knowledge in the Social Sciences, Science 326, no.59525952 (Oct 2009): 535–538.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1168244R. Aaberge, U. Colombino, T. Wennemo EVALUATING ALTERNATIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE CHOICE SETS IN MODELS OF LABOR SUPPLY, Journal of Economic Surveys 23, no.33 (Jul 2009): 586–612.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.2008.00573.xAndrés Villarreal, Heeju Shin Unraveling The Economic Paradox of Female-Headed Households in Mexico: The Role of Family Networks, The Sociological Quarterly 49, no.33 (Dec 2016): 565–595.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2008.00128.xRichard Blundell, Thomas MaCurdy Labour Supply, (Dec 2016): 1–19.https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2360-1Flavio Cunha, James J. Heckman, Salvador Navarro THE IDENTIFICATION AND ECONOMIC CONTENT OF ORDERED CHOICE MODELS WITH STOCHASTIC THRESHOLDS*, International Economic Review 48, no.44 (Dec 2007): 1273–1309.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2354.2007.00462.xDaniela Del Boca, Daniela Vuri The mismatch between employment and child care in Italy: the impact of rationing, Journal of Population Economics 20, no.44 (Jan 2007): 805–832.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-006-0126-3James J. Heckman, Salvador Navarro Dynamic discrete choice and dynamic treatment effects, Journal of Econometrics 136, no.22 (Feb 2007): 341–396.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2005.11.002Rolf Aaberge, Ugo Colombino, Erling Holmøy, Birger Strøm, Tom Wennemo Chapter 10 Population Ageing and Fiscal Sustainability: Integrating Detailed Labour Supply Models with CGE Models, (Jan 2007): 259–289.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1571-0386(06)15010-3Richard Blundell, Thomas M. Stoker Chapter 68 Models of Aggregate Economic Relationships that Account for Heterogeneity, (Jan 2007): 4609–4666.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4412(07)06068-0Richard Blundell, Thomas MaCurdy, Costas Meghir Chapter 69 Labor Supply Models: Unobserved Heterogeneity, Nonparticipation and Dynamics, (Jan 2007): 4667–4775.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4412(07)06069-2James J. Heckman, Edward J. Vytlacil Chapter 71 Econometric Evaluation of Social Programs, Part II: Using the Marginal Treatment Effect to Organize Alternative Econometric Estimators to Evaluate Social Programs, and to Forecast their Effects in New Environments, (Jan 2007): 4875–5143.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4412(07)06071-0Jaap H. Abbring, James J. Heckman Chapter 72 Econometric Evaluation of Social Programs, Part III: Distributional Treatment Effects, Dynamic Treatment Effects, Dynamic Discrete Choice, and General Equilibrium Policy Evaluation, (Jan 2007): 5145–5303.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4412(07)06072-2David Zimmer Child Health and Maternal Work Activity: The Role of Unobserved Heterogeneity, Eastern Economic Journal 33, no.11 (Jan 2007): 43–64.https://doi.org/10.1057/eej.2007.3Monika Bütler Arbeiten lohnt sich nicht ? ein zweites Kind noch weniger. Zu den Auswirkungen einkommensabh�ngiger Tarife auf das (Arbeitsmarkt-) Verhalten der Frauen, Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik 8, no.11 (Jan 2007): 1–19.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2516.2007.00227.xMichaela Kreyenfeld, Dirk Konietzka, Sebastian Böhm Die Bildungsungleichheit des Erwerbsverhaltens von Frauen mit Kindern / Educational Differences in Maternal Employment in Germany, Zeitschrift für Soziologie 36, no.66 (Jan 2007).https://doi.org/10.1515/zfsoz-2007-0603Richard Briesch, Pradeep K. Chintagunta, Rosa L. Matzkin Nonparametric Discrete Choice Models With Unobserved Heterogeneity, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2007).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1010369Gabriel Jiménez, Jesus Saurina Salas, Steven R. G. Ongena, Jose-Luis Peydro Hazardous Times for Monetary Policy: What Do Twenty-Three Million Bank Loans Say about the Effects of Monetary Policy on Credit Risk-Taking?, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2007).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1018960Michaela Kreyenfeld, Dirk Konietzka, Esther Geisler, Sebatsian Böhm Gibt Es Eine Zunehmende Bildungsspezifische Polarisierung Der Erwerbsmuster Von Frauen? Analysen Auf Basis Der Mikrozensen 1976 – 2004, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2007).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1466799Jutta M. Joesch, Erin J. Maher, Alesha Durfee Child care arrangements for toddlers and preschoolers: Are they different for youngest children?, Early Childhood Research Quarterly 21, no.33 (Jul 2006): 253–266.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2006.07.001Barry R. Chiswick, Noyna DebBurman Pre-school enrollment: An analysis by immigrant generation, Social Science Research 35, no.11 (Mar 2006): 60–87.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2004.06.003David Blau, Janet Currie Chapter 20 Pre-School, Day Care, and After-School Care: Who's Minding the Kids?, (Jan 2006): 1163–1278.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0692(06)02020-4Kirstine Hansen, Heather Joshi, Georgia Verropoulou Childcare and Mothers’ Employment: Approaching the Millennium, National Institute Economic Review 195 (Mar 2020): 84–102.https://doi.org/10.1177/0027950106064039Annie Hau-nung Chan The Effects of Full-Time Domestic Workers on Married Women's Economic Activity Status in Hong Kong, 1981–2001, International Sociology 21, no.11 (Jun 2016): 133–159.https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580906059302Marianne Simonsen Availability and Price of High Quality Day Care and Female Employment, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2006).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.894561Daniela Del Boca, Daniela Vuri The Mismatch between Employement and Child Care in Italy: The Impact of Rationing, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2006).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.921585Rolf Aaberge, Ugo Colombino, Tom Wennemo Evaluating Alternative Representations of the Choice Sets in Models of Labour Supply, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2006).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.945323Cecile Wetzels Supply and Price of Childcare and Female Labour Force Participation in the Netherlands, Labour 19, no.s1s1 (Dec 2005): 171–209.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9914.2005.00326.xRichard Blundell, Thomas M Stoker Heterogeneity and Aggregation, Journal of Economic Literature 43, no.22 (May 2005): 347–391.https://doi.org/10.1257/0022051054661486Julie A. Urban, Pamela N. Olson A Comprehensive Employment Model for Low-Income Mothers, Journal of Family and Economic Issues 26, no.11 (Mar 2005): 101–122.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-004-1414-2ELISA-ROSE BIRCH Studies of the Labour Supply of Australian Women: What Have We Learned?*, Economic Record 81, no.252252 (Mar 2005): 65–84.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2005.00211.xJames J. Heckman Micro Data, Heterogeneity and the Evaluation of Public Policy Part 2, The American Economist 49, no.11 (Jul 2016): 16–44.https://doi.org/10.1177/056943450504900102MAARTEN VAN HAM, CLARA H. MULDER GEOGRAPHICAL ACCESS TO CHILDCARE AND MOTHERS' LABOUR-FORCE PARTICIPATION, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 96, no.11 (Feb 2005): 63–74.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2005.00439.xKarsten T. Hansen, James J. Heckman, Kathleen J. Mullen The effect of schooling and ability on achievement test scores, Journal of Econometrics 121, no.1-21-2 (Jul 2004): 39–98.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2003.10.011 Ivar Ekeland , James J. Heckman , and Lars Nesheim Identification and Estimation of Hedonic Models Ekeland et al., Journal of Political Economy 112, no.S1S1 (Jul 2015): S60–S109.https://doi.org/10.1086/379947Joan Daouli, Michael Demoussis, Nicholas Giannakopoulos Child Care Costs and Employment Decisions of Greek Women, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2004).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.917681Rosa L. Matzkin Nonparametric Estimation of Nonadditive Random Functions, Econometrica 71, no.55 (Sep 2003): 1339–1375.https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0262.00452Karsten Hank, Michaela Kreyenfeld A Multilevel Analysis of Child Care and Women's Fertility Decisions in Western Germany, Journal of Marriage and Family 65, no.33 (Aug 2003): 584–596.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00584.xRobert A Moffitt The Negative Income Tax and the Evolution of U.S. Welfare Policy, Journal of Economic Perspectives 17, no.33 (Aug 2003): 119–140.https://doi.org/10.1257/089533003769204380Karsten Hank, Michaela Kreyenfeld A Multilevel Analysis of Child Care and the Transition to Motherhood in Western Germany, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2003).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.380783Rachel Connelly, Jean Kimmel The Effect of Child Care Costs on the Employment and Welfare Recipiency of Single Mothers, Southern Economic Journal 69, no.33 (Jan 2003): 498–519.https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2325-8012.2003.tb00510.xCarolyn J. Heinrich, Jeffrey B. Wenger The Economic Contributions of James J. Heckman and Daniel L. McFadden, Review of Political Economy 14, no.11 (Aug 2010): 69–89.https://doi.org/10.1080/09538250120102778Felix Büchel, C. Katharina Spieß Kindertageseinrichtungen und Müttererwerbstätigkeit – Neue Ergebnisse zu einem bekannten Zusammenhang, Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung 71, no.11 (Jan 2002): 95–113.https://doi.org/10.3790/vjh.71.1.95 James J. Heckman Micro Data, Heterogeneity, and the Evaluation of Public Policy: Nobel Lecture Heckman, Journal of Political Economy 109, no.44 (Jul 2015): 673–748.https://doi.org/10.1086/322086Rachel A. Gordon, P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale Availability of child care in the United States: A description and analysis of data sources, Demography 38, no.22 (May 2001): 299–316.https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2001.0016Ann Dryden Witte, Robert J. Lemke, Robert Witt Child Care and the Welfare to Work Transition, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2001).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.274340Jean Kimmel, Rachel Connelly The Effect of Child Care Costs on the Labor Force Participation and Welfare Recipiency of Single Mothers: Implications for Welfare Reform, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2001).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.291959Xiaoyan Liang, Bruce Fuller, Judith D Singer Ethnic differences in child care selection: the influence of family structure, parental practices, and home language, Early Childhood Research Quarterly 15, no.33 (Sep 2000): 357–384.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-2006(00)00071-5Peter David Brandon Determinants of self-care arrangements among school-age children, Children and Youth Services Review 21, no.66 (Jun 1999): 497–520.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-7409(99)00035-3PETER D. BRANDON Income-Pooling Arrangements, Economic Constraints, and Married Mothers' Child Care Choices, Journal of Family Issues 20, no.33 (May 1999): 350–370.https://doi.org/10.1177/019251399020003003Richard Blundell, Thomas Macurdy Labor Supply: A Review of Alternative Approaches, (Jan 1999): 1559–1695.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4463(99)03008-4Lisa M. Powell Part-time versus full-time work and child care costs: evidence for married mothers, Applied Economics 30, no.44 (Oct 2010): 503–511.https://doi.org/10.1080/000368498325769Ruthanne Deutsch Does Child Care Pay? Labor Force Participation and Earnings: Effects on Access to Child Care in the Favelas of Rio De Janeiro, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 1998).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1817182V. Joseph Hotz, Jacob Alex Klerman, Robert J. Willis Chapter 7 The economics of fertility in developed countries, (Jan 1997): 275–347.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-003X(97)80024-4Bruce Fuller, Susan D. Holloway, Xiaoyan Liang Family Selection of Child-Care Centers: The Influence of Household Support, Ethnicity, and Parental Practices, Child Development 67, no.66 (Dec 1996): 3320.https://doi.org/10.2307/1131781Ted Bergstrom, Sören Blomquist The political economy of subsidized day care, European Journal of Political Economy 12, no.33 (Nov 1996): 443–457.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-2680(96)00009-2Sandra L. Hofferth, Duncan D. Chaplin, Douglas A. Wissoker, Philip K. Robins CHOICE CHARACTERISTICS AND PARENTS' CHILD-CARE DECISIONS, Rationality and Society 8, no.44 (Aug 2016): 453–495.https://doi.org/10.1177/104346396008004006Rachel Connelly, Deborah S. DeGraff, Deborah Levi Son Caring for Preschool Children in Urban Brazil, Labour 10, no.33 (Sep 1996): 583–608.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9914.1996.tb00101.xXin Meng The Economic Position of Women in Asia, Asian-Pacific Economic Literature 10, no.11 (May 1996): 23–41.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8411.1996.tb00004.xJohn H.Y. Edwards, Bruce Fuller, Xiaoyan Liang The mixed preschool market: Explaining local variation in family demand and organized supply, Economics of Education Review 15, no.22 (Apr 1996): 149–161.https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7757(95)00033-XBruce Fuller, Xiaoyan Liang Market Failure? Estimating Inequality in Preschool Availability, Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 18, no.11 (Nov 2016): 31–49.https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737018001031Dean G. Smith, John R. C. Wheeler, Jan P. Clement Fundraising, Government Grants and Donations to Non-Profit Hospital Charities, Health Services Management Research 8, no.33 (Jun 2016): 198–208.https://doi.org/10.1177/095148489500800305RICHARD BLUNDELL Labour Supply and Taxation: A Survey, Fiscal Studies 13, no.33 (Aug 1992): 15–40.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1992.tb00181.xRamona K. Z. Heck The effects of children on the major dimensions of home-based employment, Journal of Family and Economic Issues 13, no.33 (Jan 1992): 315–346.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01020454Ramona K. Z. Heck, Nancy C. Saltford, Barbara Howe, Alma J. Owen The utilization of child care by households engaged in home-based employment, Journal of Family and Economic Issues 13, no.22 (Jan 1992): 213–237.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01022419DOUGLAS A. WOLF, FREYA L. SONENSTEIN Child-Care Use Among Welfare Mothers, Journal of Family Issues 12, no.44 (Dec 1991): 519–536.https://doi.org/10.1177/019251391012004007David M. Blau, Philip K. Robins Child Care Demand and Labor Supply of Young Mothers over Time, Demography 28, no.33 (Aug 1991): 333.https://doi.org/10.2307/2061460David M. Blau, Philip K. Robins Fertility, Employment, and Child-Care Costs, Demography 26, no.22 (May 1989): 287–299.https://doi.org/10.2307/2061526Mark R. Killingsworth Labour Supply of Women, (Nov 2016): 1–19.https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1160-1Mark Montgomery, James Trussell Chapter 3 Models of marital status and childbearing, (Jan 1986): 205–271.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4463(86)01006-4Richard Blundell Econometric approaches to the specification of life-cycle labour supply and commodity demand behaviour, Econometric Reviews 5, no.11 (Jan 1986): 89–146.https://doi.org/10.1080/07474938608800102Robert L. Clark, Stephan F. Gohmann, Daniel A. Sumner Wages and hours of work of elderly men, Atlantic Economic Journal 12, no.44 (Dec 1984): 31–40.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02304511THOMAS I. MILLER THE EFFECTS OF EMPLOYER-SPONSORED CHILD CARE ON EMPLOYEE ABSENTEEISM, TURNOVER, PRODUCTIVITY, RECRUITMENT OR JOB SATISFACTION: WHAT IS CLAIMED AND WHAT IS KNOWN, Personnel Psychology 37, no.22 (Jun 1984): 277–289.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1984.tb01450.xRoss M. Stolzenberg, Linda J. Waite Local labor markets, children and labor force participation of wives, Demography 21, no.22 (May 1984): 157–170.https://doi.org/10.2307/2061036James Heckman Comments on the Ashenfelter and Kydland papers, Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 21 (Jan 1984): 209–224.https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2231(84)90010-1Lawrence C. Marsh Hours Worked by Husbands and Wives, Journal of Family Issues 2, no.22 (Jun 1981): 164–179.https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X8100200204 REFERENCES, (Jan 1980): 283–298.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-333201-1.50032-0 REFERENCES, (Jan 1980): 267–282.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-333202-8.50030-2C. ERIC MUNSON, PHILIP K. ROBINS, GARY STIEGER Labor Supply and Childcare Arrangements of Single Mothers, (Jan 1980): 143–159.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-589880-5.50016-4K.E. Yaeger Cost, convenience and quality in child care demand, Children and Youth Services Review 1, no.33 (Jan 1979): 293–313.https://doi.org/10.1016/0190-7409(79)90055-0Philip K. Robins, Robert G. Spiegelman The economics of child care and public policy, Children and Youth Services Review 1, no.11 (Jan 1979): 55–74.https://doi.org/10.1016/0190-7409(79)90070-7C. Russell Hill Private Demand for Child Care, Evaluation Quarterly 2, no.44 (Sep 2016): 523–546.https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X7800200401Harriet B. Presser Childrearing, work, and welfare: Research issues, Journal of Population Behavioral, Social, and Environmental Issues 1, no.22 (Jun 1978): 167–180.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01277600Richard A. Berk, Sarah Fenstermaker Berk A Simultaneous Equation Model for the Division of Household Labor, Sociological Methods & Research 6, no.44 (Jun 2016): 431–468.https://doi.org/10.1177/004912417800600402Rosa L. Matzkin Identification of consumers’ preferences when their choices are unobservable, (): 195–215.https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29578-X_10Boris Geier, Birgit Riedel Ungleichheiten der Inanspruchnahme öffentlicher frühpädagogischer Angebote. Einflussfaktoren und Restriktionen elterlicher Betreuungsentscheidungen, (): 11–28.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-91452-7_2