Effects of cannabinoids on prolactin and gonadotrophin secretion: involvement of changes in hypothalamic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inputs

Abstract

CB 1 cannabinoid receptors are located in hypothalamic nuclei and their activation alters several hypothalamic neurotransmitters resulting in, among other things, decreased prolactin (PRL) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion from the anterior pituitary gland. In the present study, we addressed two related objectives to further explore this complex regulation. First, we examined whether changes in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and/or dopamine (DA) inputs in the medial basal hypothalamus might occur in parallel to the effects resulting from the activation of CB 1 receptors on PRL and gonadotrophin secretion in male rats. Thus, the acute administration of (-)-Δ 9-tetrahydrocannnabinol (Δ 9-THC) produced, as expected, a marked decrease in plasma PRL and LH levels, with no changes in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. This was paralleled by an increase in the contents of GABA, but not of DA, in the medial basal hypothalamus and, to a lesser extent, in the anterior pituitary gland. The co-administration of Δ 9-THC and SR141716, a specific antagonist for CB 1 receptors, attenuated both PRL and LH decrease and GABA increase, thus asserting the involvement of the activation of CB 1 receptors in these effects. As a second objective, we tested whether the prolonged activation of these receptors might induce tolerance with regard to the decrease in PRL and LH release, and whether this potential tolerance might be related to changes in CB 1-receptor binding and/or mRNA expression. The chronic administration of R-methanandamide (AM356), a more stable analog of anandamide, the putative endogenous cannabinoid ligand, produced a marked decrease in plasma PRL and LH levels, with no changes in FSH. The decreases were of similar magnitude to those caused by a single injection of this cannabimimetic ligand, thus suggesting the absence of tolerance. In parallel, the analysis of CB 1-receptor binding and mRNA expression in several hypothalamic structures proved that the acute or chronic administration of AM356 did not affect either the binding or the synthesis of these receptors. In summary, the activation of CB 1 receptors in hypothalamic nuclei produced the expected decrease in PRL and LH secretion, an effect which might be related to an increase in GABAergic activity in the hypothalamus-anterior pituitary axis. The prolonged activation of these receptors for five days did not elicit tolerance in terms of an attenuation in the magnitude of the decrease in PRL and LH, and, accordingly, did not alter CB 1-receptor binding and mRNA levels in the hypothalamic nuclei examined.