Abstract
Body forces such as buoyancy and externally imposed pressure gradients are expected to have a strong influence on turbulent premixed combustion due to the considerable changes in density between the unburned and fully burned gases. The present work utilises Direct Numerical Simulation data of three-dimensional statistically planar turbulent premixed flames to study the influence of body forces on the statistical behaviour of the flame surface density (FSD) and its evolution within the flame brush. The analysis has been carried out for different turbulence intensities and normalised body force values (i.e., Froude numbers). A positive value of the body force signifies an unstable density stratification (i.e., body force is directed from the heavier unburned gas to the lighter burned gas) and vice versa. It is found that for a given set of turbulence parameters, flame wrinkling increases with an increase in body force magnitude in the unstable configuration. Furthermore, higher magnitudes of body force in the unstable density stratification configuration promote a gradient type transport of turbulent scalar and FSD fluxes, and this tendency weakens in the stable density stratification configuration where a counter-gradient type transport is promoted. The statistical behaviours of the different terms in the FSD transport equation and their closures in the context of Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes simulations have been analysed in detail. It has been demonstrated that the effects of body force on the FSD and the terms of its transport equation weakens with increasing turbulence intensity as a result of the diminishing relative strength of body force in comparison to the inertial force. The predictions of the existing models have been assessed with respect to the corresponding terms extracted from the explicitly averaged DNS data, and based on this evaluation, suitable modifications have been made to the existing models to incorporate the effects of body force (or Froude number).
Highlights
In many practical applications, turbulent premixed flames propagate within ducts, where the flame is subjected to external pressure gradients and body forces
It was demonstrated by Veynante and Poinsot (1997) using two-dimensional direct numerical simulation (DNS) data that external pressure gradients and buoyancy can considerably affect the statistical behaviours of turbulent scalar flux and flame wrinkling in turbulent premixed combustion
The effects of body force on the statistical behaviour of the flame surface density (FSD) and its evolution have not been analysed in the existing literature, and this paper addresses this problem by using a three-dimensional direct numerical simulation (DNS) database of statistically planar turbulent premixed flames subjected to different strengths of body forces
Summary
Turbulent premixed flames propagate within ducts, where the flame is subjected to external pressure gradients and body forces (e.g., gravity). Chomiak and Nisbet (1995) analysed the pressure gradient-density interactions in turbulent premixed flames and have proposed closures which incorporate these effects into the framework of k − model. It was demonstrated by Veynante and Poinsot (1997) using two-dimensional direct numerical simulation (DNS) data that external pressure gradients and buoyancy can considerably affect the statistical behaviours of turbulent scalar flux and flame wrinkling in turbulent premixed combustion. The effects of body force on the statistical behaviour of the FSD and its evolution have not been analysed in the existing literature, and this paper addresses this problem by using a three-dimensional direct numerical simulation (DNS) database of statistically planar turbulent premixed flames subjected to different strengths of body forces
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