Abstract
Background: Blackcurrant anthocyanin (BCA) is expected to repair endothelial dysfunction, but it remains unclear whether beneficial effects are present in young healthy persons. This study examines whether supplements containing blackcurrant anthocyanin improve endothelial function and peripheral temperature in young smokers. Methods: Young, healthy male nonsmokers (N group: n = 11; mean age 22 ± 2 years) and smokers (S group: n = 13; mean age 21 ± 1 years) were enrolled. A randomized and double-blind trial was designed to compare the effects of no supplement, a supplement containing 50 mg of blackcurrant anthocyanin (supplement A), and a supplement containing 50 mg of blackcurrant anthocyanin plus vitamin E (supplement B) on flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and skin temperature. Results: Under no supplement, FMD was unchanged during the 2 h period after smoking in the N group, whereas it was decreased during the 2 h period after smoking in the S group. Under the A supplement, FMD was decreased 1 h after smoking and returned to the baseline level 2 h after smoking in the S group. The skin temperature in the area of the foot dorsum was decreased in the S group after smoking compared with that in the N group, who did not smoke, whereas under A and B supplements, it was higher in the S group compared with that in the N group. Conclusions: BCA could attenuate the smoking-induced acute endothelial dysfunction and improve peripheral temperature in young smokers.
Highlights
Arteriosclerosis is accelerated by several risk factors, including smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and aging, and results in the occurrence of myocardial infarction or apoplexy [1,2]
Concerning arteriosclerosis, improvement of endothelial function via nitric oxide–cGMP activation was reported arteriosclerosis, improvement of endothelial function via nitric oxide–cGMP activation was reported in hypercholesterolemic individuals [26]. These findings suggest that blackcurrant anthocyanin may in hypercholesterolemic individuals [26]. These findings suggest that blackcurrant anthocyanin may inhibit the promotion of severe arteriosclerosis when given to the persons who cannot quit smoking
We examined the effect of intake of blackcurrant anthocyanin on endothelial function and peripheral blood flow correlated with endothelial function after cigarette smoking in function and peripheral blood flow correlated with endothelial function after cigarette smoking in healthy young adults
Summary
Arteriosclerosis is accelerated by several risk factors, including smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and aging, and results in the occurrence of myocardial infarction or apoplexy [1,2]. Endothelial dysfunction is known as a disease process that occurs throughout the vascular system and is attributable to abnormal regulation of blood vessel tone and impairment of the atheroprotective properties of the normal endothelium [4,5]. It is, Molecules 2019, 24, 4295; doi:10.3390/molecules24234295 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules. This study examines whether supplements containing blackcurrant anthocyanin improve endothelial function and peripheral temperature in young smokers. Conclusions: BCA could attenuate the smoking-induced acute endothelial dysfunction and improve peripheral temperature in young smokers
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