Abstract
ABSTRACTFour hundred broiler chicks were allocated to eight treatments and five replicates in a completely randomized design for 7–42 days. Treatments included basal diet (NC), NC + 1 mg/kg aflatoxin (PC), PC + 1 kg/ton Toxeat® (a toxin binder), PC + Lactobacillus strains (L), PC + Bacillus subtilis JQ618 strain (B), PC + Saccharomyces cerevisiae's cell wall (Y), PC + B + L + Y (BLY) and PC + hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HA). At 28 days of age, glucose and total protein serum concentrations in PC group were lower than other treatments (p > .05), but in toxin binder receiving treatments were in the middle of NC and PC groups. At 35 days of age, 48 h after dinitrochlorobenzene injection Y showed more skin swelling (p > .05) and 24 h after injection, the aluminosilicate showed a poor performance with for phytohemagglutinin response. At 35 days, IgG titre and serum cholesterol concentration had a similar process to sheep red blood cell (SRBC) and no significant differences were recorded between aflatoxin inhibitor receiving treatments (p > .05). SRBC, IgG, IgM titres and serum cholesterol concentration at 28 days and IgM titres at 35 days were not affected by treatments (p > .05). It can be concluded that a prebiotics and probiotics mixture such as BLY is suitable for improving immune function and serum biochemical parameters as an effect of feeding aflatoxin-contaminated diet.
Highlights
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus fungi (Gallo et al 2010)
As a result of the weakness of immune system, poultry will be more vulnerable against viral and bacterial diseases and in consequence mortality will increase in poultry flocks affected by mechanisms related to increased aflatoxin, and these secondary damages lead to economic losses in poultry industry (Monson et al 2015a, 2015b)
Further researches showed the ability of microorganisms and biological methods to remove or reduce the effects of aflatoxin and it was showing that polysaccharides and some bacterial cell wall peptidoglycans have the ability to bind aflatoxin B1 (Li et al 2010), Lactobacilli and some yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae have the ability to reduce the aflatoxin present in the environment based on the mechanism of cell wall binding (Shetty and Jespersen 2006)
Summary
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus fungi (Gallo et al 2010). Aflatoxin B1 is the most active hepatocarcinogen and the most abundant aflatoxin which has numerous effects such as decreased performance, immunosuppression, changes in the level of blood parameters, induced hepatic diseases and metabolic disorders in poultry (Kubena et al 2001; Chen et al 2014). It is reported that decreased blood glucose levels in chickens receiving aflatoxin are probably due to reduced feed intake or disruption in the production of enzymes related to carbohydrates metabolism (Zhao et al 2010). As a result of the weakness of immune system, poultry will be more vulnerable against viral and bacterial diseases and in consequence mortality will increase in poultry flocks affected by mechanisms related to increased aflatoxin, and these secondary damages lead to economic losses in poultry industry (Monson et al 2015a, 2015b). The use of Bacilli has been studied to remove or reduce aflatoxin adsorption in the gastrointestinal tract at in vivo and in vitro conditions, showed the positive impact of these bacteria in preventing the
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