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Abstract
In recent years, intensive fish farming has led to an outbreak of several diseases, and the health status of fish can affect the economy of aquaculture. Since fish health and intestinal health are in correlation, it may also have an impact on immunity. Accordingly, many natural feed additives are being used to improve immune functions. In our study, carotenoids, oligosaccharides, and anthocyanins were applied at 1 m/m% in feed to investigate their effects on cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) in spleen and mid-intestine of 6 months old carp. Gene expression analysis was carried out to examine IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α, and IRF-1 mRNA levels in fish spleen and mid-intestine. The gene expression level of pro-inflammatory IL-1β decreased in the mid-intestine of carotenoid-fed carp compared to anthocyanin supplemented group, but the effects of the bioactive plant extracts were not observed on the examined cytokines compared to control fish.
Highlights
Due to the higher need of animal fish farms, the aquaculture industry has developed rapidly in recent years (FAO, 2016)
Intensification of pond cultures has resulted in the appearance of many diseases in fish (Cerezuela et al, 2012; Bondad-Reantaso et al, 2005), it can affect the health status of the fish and the economical profit of the aquaculture industry as well (Harikrishnan et al, 2011; Miest et al, 2012)
The health of the fish is tightly associated with the health status of the gastrointestinal tract, which is correlated to the immune status (Feng et al, 2015)
Summary
Due to the higher need of animal fish farms, the aquaculture industry has developed rapidly in recent years (FAO, 2016). Carotenoids have been reported as potential regulators of cell-mediated, and humoral immune responses, such as phagocytosis, non-specific cytotoxicity, serum lysozyme activity, and serum complement activity in fish. These have a role in resistance against diseases (Amar et al, 2004; Tachibana et al, 1997; Torrissen, 1984; Amar et al, 2000; Amar et al, 2001; Yanar et al, 2007)
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