Effects of benidipine and candesartan on kidney and vascular function in hypertensive Dahl rats.

Abstract

We examined the effect of the dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (CCB) benidipine, the angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB) candesartan, and the combination of these drugs on blood pressure and kidney and vascular function in rats with salt-induced hypertension. Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats were fed with a high-salt (8% NaCl) diet from 7 weeks of age. Benidipine (1, 3 mg/kg), candesartan (1, 3 mg/kg), benidipine (3 mg/kg) combined with candesartan (3 mg/kg), or vehicle was administered orally after the start of the feeding. Relaxant responses to acetylcholine (an endothelium-dependent vasodilator) and sodium nitroprusside (an endothelium-independent vasodilator) were measured to examine the vascular function. DS rats fed the high-salt diet showed an increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP), which was accompanied by glomerular sclerosis and an increase in urinary albumin excretion. Relaxant responses to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside were impaired in superior mesenteric arterial rings from the hypertensive DS rats. SBP was significantly lower in all of the drug-treated groups than in the vehicle-treated group. The antihypertensive effect of benidipine at 3 mg/kg was more potent than that of candesartan at 3 mg/kg. The albuminuria was significantly decreased in the benidipine and benidipine plus candesartan groups, but not in the candesartan group. The level of SBP in the benidipine plus candesartan group was lower than that by either drug alone. In addition, benidipine alone and benidipine plus candesartan inhibited the glomerular sclerosis and the impairment of relaxant responses in the arteries. These results demonstrate that benidipine is more effective than candesartan in lowering blood pressure and preventing the impairment of kidney and vascular function in salt-sensitive hypertensive rats. In addition, the results suggest that combination therapy with benidipine and an ARB decreases blood pressure more effectively than either drug alone and may be useful for the treatment of hypertension.