Abstract
Treatment of larvae of the African armyworm ( Spodoptera exempta) with azadirachtin and aqueous neem seed extracts produced a range of adverse effects that were dose dependent. High doses of up to 10 μg per larva of azadirachtin resulted in 100% larval mortality, but this effect was delayed and prolonged. At lower doses of azadirachtin, however, inhibition and disruption of moulting was observed and larval-pupal intermediates or abnormal pupae were commonly found. Similar results were obtained with the aqueous extracts of neem seeds. The few pupae obtained from larvae treated with lower doses of the extracts (0.01 and 0.1 μg per larva) either failed to develop further or developed into adults that died during eclosion, or had frizzled, curled wings.
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