Effects of atomoxetine and methylphenidate on attention and impulsivity in the 5-choice serial reaction time test

Abstract

Deficits in attention and response inhibition are apparent across several neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders for which current pharmacotherapy is inadequate. The 5-choice serial reaction time test (5-CSRTT), which originated from the continuous performance test (CPT) in humans, may serve as a useful translational assay for efficacy in these key behavioral domains. The selective norepinepherine reuptake inhibitor, atomoxetine, represents the first non-stimulant based drug approved for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and has replaced methylphenidate (Ritalin®) as the first line in pharmacotherapy for the treatment of ADHD. Methylphenidate and atomoxetine have different cortical and sub-cortical neurochemical signatures that could predict differences in cognitive and non-cognitive functions. The present experiments investigated the effects of acute methylphenidate and atomoxetine in male long Evans rats in the 5-choice serial reaction time (5CSRT) test that is hypothesized to serve as a model of vigilance and impulsivity behaviors associated with ADHD. Long Evans rats were trained to perform at 75% correct responses with fewer than 20% missed trials in the 5CSRT test (500 ms stimulus duration, 5 s inter-trial interval (ITI)). By varying the ITI (10, 7, 5, and 4 s) on drug test days, impulsivity (as defined by premature responses) was dramatically increased with a concomitant decrease in attention (percent correct). Subsequently, animals were treated with methylphenidate (2.5 and 5 mg/kg, i.p.) or atomoxetine (0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg, i.p.) using this design. In Experiment 1, treatment with methylphenidate modestly improved overall attention but the highest dose of methylphenidate (5.0 mg/kg) significantly increased impulsivity. In contrast, treatment with atomoxetine induced a marked decrease in impulsivity whilst modestly improving overall attention. Interestingly, no effect was observed on measures of performance ( e.g. motivation/sedation) with atomoxetine, whilst moderate hyperactivity (faster overall response latencies; magazine, correct, incorrect) was observed in the methylphenidate group. Those data suggest that the 5CSRT test can be used to differentiate stimulant and non-stimulant pharmacotherapies on measures of impulsivity.