Abstract
Astaxanthin (ASX) is a marine-based ketocarotenoid; an accessory pigment in plants in that it has many different potential functions. ASX is an antioxidant that is notably more potent than many other antioxidants. Antioxidants have anti-inflammatory and oxidative stress-reducing properties to potentially reduce the incidence of cancer or inhibit the expansion of tumor cells. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that ASX would inhibit proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells in vitro. We found that application of ASX significantly reduced proliferation rates and inhibited breast cancer cell migration compared to control normal breast epithelial cells. Based on these results, further investigation of the effects of ASX on not only breast cancer cells, but other forms of tumor cells, should be carried out.
Highlights
The accessory marine-based plant pigment astaxanthin (ASX) has many different potential functions [1]
ASX has proven to decrease to both oxidative stress and inflammation in a dose-dependent manner [5,6]
There are different types of breast cancer based on pathological examination: estrogen receptor (ER)+, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)+ and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) (the absence of ER, HER2, and progesterone receptor (PR) expression). In this set of experiments, we examined the effects on proliferation, migration, and gene expression on ER+ breast cancer cells and TNBC cells
Summary
The accessory marine-based plant pigment astaxanthin (ASX) has many different potential functions [1]. ASX is a potent antioxidant, indicating that it has anti-inflammatory properties and oxidative stress-reducing properties [3]. Since ASX has anti-inflammatory and oxidative stress-reducing properties, in theory, the supplementation of ASX could positively affect cancer. ASX has been able to inhibit inflammatory responses and oxidative stress via the activation of signaling pathways such as Nrf2-ARE in the brain [5]. ASX has been encapsulated for delivery via high-pressure homogenization and microchannel emulsification [9] With this improved bioavailability problem, the ability to test ASX as a supplement in relation to cancer as well as other diseases is greatly enhanced. ASX negatively affects breast cancer cell viability [20] These inhibitory characteristics are related to the apoptotic and autophagic effects exhibited by the antioxidant. We found significant differences induced by ASX in the cancer cells compared to normal breast epithelial cells
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