Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of astaxanthin (ASX) extracted and ASX powder from shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) shells on Wistar rats with Alzheimer’s disease, induced by amyloid-β (1-42) peptides. In this task, the rats were divided into eight groups: (1) Control, (2) sham operate, (3) negative control (vehicle) + Aβ1-42, (4) ASX extract+Aβ1-42, (5) commercial ASX + Aβ1-42, (6) ASX powder + Aβ1-42, (7) blank powder + Aβ1-42, and (8) vitamin E + Aβ1-42. All treatments were orally administrated for 30 days. At 14- and 29-days post injection, animals were observed in behavioral tests. On the 31st day, animals were sacrificed; the hippocampus and cortex were collected. Those two brain areas were then homogenized and stored for biochemical and histological analysis. The results showed that the Aβ1-42 infused group significantly reduced cognitive ability and increased memory loss, as assessed by the Morris water maze test, novel object recognition test, and novel object location test. Moreover, the Aβ1-42 infused group exhibited a deterioration of oxidative markers, including glutathione peroxidase enzymes (GPx), lipid peroxidation (MDA), products of protein oxidation, and superoxide anion in the cortex and the hippocampus. Meanwhile, ASX powder (10 mg/kg body weight) showed a significant reduction in cognitive and memory impairments and oxidative stress which is greater than ASX extract in the same dose of compound or vitamin E (100 mg/kg body weight). Our study indicates the beneficial properties of ASX in alleviation of cognitive functions and reducing neurodegeneration in Wistar rats induced by amyloid-β (1-42) peptides.
Highlights
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, which can damage memory and cognitive function [1] while the biological mechanisms involved in AD are not yet fully understood.Mar
These indicated that the cognitive results from Morris water maze test, object recognition test, and object location test could be excluded from the false positive effect
Numerous reports that ASX treatment is effective at protecting neurons from various forms few studies investigating the benefits of ASX from Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) shell in of CNS damage in models of specific neuronal damage and neurodegenerative disease [17,18,19]
Summary
Mar. Drugs 2019, 17, 628; doi:10.3390/md17110628 www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs. Oxidative stress has been reported to have many negative effects in humans, including lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, inflammation, disturbance of cell functions, apoptosis, and formation of neurofibrillary tangles. These disturbances can result in the loss of synaptic connections between neurons in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, leading to reduction in cognitive function and dementia [1]. One reliable way to protect cells from the damages of oxidative stress is to increase the potential of the endogenous oxidative defense through antioxidants, which can be part of the diet of pharmacological supplements. Novel applications of naturally-occurring antioxidant compounds have been shown to have potential benefits
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