Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract carries a large number of microorganisms associated with complex metabolic processes and interactions. Although antibiotic treatment is crucial for combating infections, its negative effects on the intestinal microbiota and host immunity have been shown to be of the utmost importance. Multiple studies have recognized the adverse consequences of antibiotic use upon the gut microbiome in adults and neonates, causing dysbiosis of the microbiota. Repeated antibiotic treatments in clinical care or low-dosage intake from food could be contributing factors in this issue. Researchers in both human and animal studies have strived to explain this multifaceted relationship. The present review intends to elucidate the axis of the gastrointestinal microbiota and antibiotics resistance and to highlight the main aspects of the issue.
Highlights
Since the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928 and thereafter, antibiotics used in the management of infectious diseases have saved millions of lives [1]
We summarize current evidence regarding the gut microbiome and its alterations in relation to antibiotics, analyzing the reasons associated with their inappropriate use
The microbiota of Burkina Faso (BF) and European children (EU) children has co-evolved with diet since ancient times, and the high amounts of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) seemed to provide the host with an important amount of energy [25,26]
Summary
Theocharis Konstantinidis 1 , Christina Tsigalou 1 , Alexandros Karvelas 1 , Elisavet Stavropoulou 2 , Chrissoula Voidarou 3 and Eugenia Bezirtzoglou 4, *. Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece. Received: 19 September 2020; Accepted: 13 November 2020; Published: 16 November 2020
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