Abstract
Driving cessation for some older adults can exacerbate physical, cognitive, and mental health challenges due to loss of independence and social isolation. Fully autonomous vehicles may offer an alternative transport solution, increasing social contact and encouraging independence. However, there are gaps in understanding the impact of older adults’ passive role on safe human–vehicle interaction, and on their well-being. 37 older adults (mean age ± SD = 68.35 ± 8.49 years) participated in an experiment where they experienced fully autonomous journeys consisting of a distinct stop (an unexpected event versus an expected event). The autonomous behavior of the vehicle was achieved using the Wizard of Oz approach. Subjective ratings of trust and reliability, and driver state monitoring including visual attention strategies (fixation duration and count) and physiological arousal (skin conductance and heart rate), were captured during the journeys. Results revealed that subjective trust and reliability ratings were high after journeys for both types of events. During an unexpected stop, overt visual attention was allocated toward the event, whereas during an expected stop, visual attention was directed toward the human–machine interface (HMI) and distributed across the central and peripheral driving environment. Elevated skin conductance level reflecting increased arousal persisted only after the unexpected event. These results suggest that safety-critical events occurring during passive fully automated driving may narrow visual attention and elevate arousal mechanisms. To improve in-vehicle user experience for older adults, a driver state monitoring system could examine such psychophysiological indices to evaluate functional state and well-being. This information could then be used to make informed decisions on vehicle behavior and offer reassurance during elevated arousal during unexpected events.
Highlights
The private car is a vital element for the mental and physical well-being of older adults
As increases in arousal have been linked to attention narrowing (e.g., Laumann et al, 2003), these results suggest that the breadth of attentional focus is limited during safety-critical events (Meinlschmidt et al, 2019)
This study sought to understand the impact of an unexpected event during Level 5 autonomous driving on gaze behavior, autonomic arousal, and associated trust levels
Summary
The private car is a vital element for the mental and physical well-being of older adults. The public transport system can be inconvenient and inaccessible (Broome et al, 2009). Challenges such as walking to a bus stop, or getting on and off a bus, can cause significant problems for adults with mobility issues. As such, driving provides access to local services, social events, and encourages participation in out-of-home activities. Driving cessation can have a negative impact on mobility and well-being, and feelings of isolation can be amplified (Qin et al, 2019). Some older adults find it more difficult to leave the home and stop participating in local or social activities (Marottoli et al, 2000), which in turn leads to a poorer quality of life. Ceasing driving can rapidly exacerbate physical, cognitive, and mental health challenges, and loss of independence
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