Effects of Alzheimer’s Disease Risk Factors on Cerebrovascular Dynamics in Gray Matter

Abstract

AbstractBackgroundCerebrovascular functional parameters such as cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), and arterial transit time (ATT) may play an essential role in understanding the vascular contributions to dementia (VCID). We investigated the relationships between cerebrovascular functional parameters and AD risk factors, including APOE genotype, hypertension, and diabetes.MethodSixty‐five subjects (Table 1) enrolled in the Wake Forest Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center (ADRC) Clinical Core cohort underwent MRI, including pseudo‐continuous ASL (PCASL). CVR maps were obtained under a hypercapnic challenge using a computer‐controlled gas blender. A multi‐TI PCASL sequence was also employed to obtain resting CBF and ATT. Separate linear regression models were tested with response variables of quantitative CBF, CVR and ATT in whole brain gray matter (GM) and AD‐prone GM regions including hippocampus, parahippocampal, entorhinal, inferior parietal lobule, precuneus, and cuneus, adjusted for covariates: age, sex, and years of education. To investigate the effects of a risk factor on the interrelated vascular dynamic parameters, a cerebrovascular composite was created with the implementation of the weighting factors, obtained from covariates adjusted logistic regression, for each AD risk group and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The factor score p‐values were calculated from two‐sample t‐tests with the cerebrovascular composite.ResultIn both whole brain GM and AD‐prone GM regions, subjects with the risk factors generally had lower resting CBF, but differential relationship with CVR. Subjects with hypertension had significantly higher CVR, while APOE e4 carriers showed significantly lower CVR (Figure 1 and 2). From the cerebrovascular composite analysis, CVR showed higher weights in hypertension and APOE e4 carrier groups in both whole brain GM and AD‐prone GM regions (Table 2) although there still were fractions of linear weights of CBF or ATT, which were not negligible.ConclusionHypertension and APOE e4 carrier showed group differences of CVR in both whole brain GM and AD‐prone GM regions and the directions were opposite, implying their pathophysiological mechanisms may differ. As resting CBF and ATT showed lower weights in the composite than CVR, CVR may be a more sensitive brain perfusion parameter relating VCID.