Abstract
Background: Aquatic pollution by pesticidal application, in recent times, has gained much attention throughout the world, as they ultimately reach to the aquatic bodies through agricultural runoff or by aerial spraying and finally, impair the health status of fish. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the toxicological responses of Almix® herbicide on oxidative stress parameters in three Indian freshwater teleosts namely, Anabas testudineus, Heteropneustes fossilis and Oreochromis niloticus in natural condition. Methods: Almix® herbicide was applied at field concentration (8 g/acre) used for rice cultivation to evaluate the oxidative stress responses in freshwater teleostean fishes for a period of 30 days. Special type of cage was installed in pond for culturing the fish species. Results: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was increased significantly in all fish tissues (p<0.05) and highest enhancement was observed in spinal cord of A. testudineus, but minimum activity was observed in spinal cord of H. fossilis. Significant increased (p<0.05) lipid peroxidation (LPO) level in all tissues was observed after Almix® exposure; highest in muscle of O. niloticus and lowest in brain of H. fossilis. Catalase (CAT) activity also showed significant enhancement (p<0.05), and was maximum in gill of O. niloticus and minimum in liver of O. niloticus, while glutathione-Stransferase (GST) activity was reduced significantly in liver (p<0.05), and in particular, highest reduction was observed in case of H. fossilis. Protein content also showed significant reduction (p<0.05) after Almix® exposure in all fish tissues. Conclusion: Long-term exposure of Almix® herbicide even at environment friendly concentration caused significant induction on oxidative stress parameters and these responses could be considered as useful tools for monitoring herbicidal contamination in freshwater ecosystem.
Highlights
Integrated paddy-cum-fish-culture system is one of the most common culture systems practised in most of the South-East Asian countries
Present study is the maiden attempt to report the Almix® toxicity in regard to oxidative stress parameters namely AChE, lipid peroxidation (LPO), CAT and GST in Indian freshwater teleosts namely A. testudineus, H. fossilis, and O. niloticus in natural condition, very little work on biochemical parameters such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and glucose6-phosphatase in different fish species were reported under the laboratory condition [33,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]
Water temperature was ranged from 14.0oC to 14.4oC, pH was varied from 7.82 to 7.92, electrical conductivity (EC) ranged from 386.0-393.0 μS/cm, total dissolved solids (TDS) varied from 274.0-279.0 mg/l, dissolved oxygen (DO) varied from 7.3-7.6, total alkalinity ranged from 100.0-102.0 mg/l as CaCO3, total hardness varied from 148.0-156.0 mg/l as CaCO3, orthophosphate varied from 0.11-0.14 mg/l, nitrate-nitrogen varied from 0.55-0.60 mg/l, ammoniacal-nitrogen ranged from 5.10-7.81 mg/l, sodium varied from 20.0-21.0 mg/l and potassium ranged from 2.67-3.00 mg/l
Summary
Integrated paddy-cum-fish-culture system is one of the most common culture systems practised in most of the South-East Asian countries Sometimes, this diversified agricultural system implies close proximity with crop fields and fish ponds. Almix®, fourth generation herbicide, is widely used in paddy fields, especially in paddycum-fish-culture systems to destroy the weeds such as Cyperus iria, Cyperus defformis, Frimbristylis sp., Eclipta alba, Ludwigia parviflora, Cyanotis axillaris, Monochoria vaginalis, Marsilea quadrifoliata, etc., both through contact and systematic pathway. It is a selective, both pre-emergent and post-emergent herbicide of sulfonylurea group. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the toxicological responses of Almix® herbicide on oxidative stress parameters in three Indian freshwater teleosts namely, Anabas testudineus, Heteropneustes fossilis and Oreochromis niloticus in natural condition
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