Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of Allium sativum stem extract (ASE) on B16-F0 cell growth and metastasis. Evaluation of the effects of ASE on B16-F0 cells’ viability and migration showed that 0.5 mg/mL ASE inhibited B16-F0 cells’ growth by 30.2% and migration by 38.5%, which indicates that the ASE has anticancer and antimetastatic effects on B16-F0 cells. To study the anticancer and antimetastatic mechanism, mRNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2), and matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) expressions were evaluated with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and 0.25 and 0.5 mg/mL ASE was found to exert significant inhibition on mRNA expressions of VEGF, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in B16-F0 cells. Thus, ASE reduce extracellular matrix degradation through inhibitions of expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9, and also showed an angiogenesis inhibitory effect through reduction of VEGF expression. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that among various polyphenols, gallic acid (2.1 mg/g) was a major compound of ASE. Overall, our results demonstrated that ASE inhibited the growth and migration of B16-F0 cells through downregulation of the VEGF, MMP-2, and MMP-9 genes expression, which indicates ASE could be applied for the prevention and treatment of melanoma.
Highlights
Skin cancer refers to a form of malignancy that can occur in the cells constituting the skin tissue and cause abnormal growth of skin cells [1]
Used in resulting cell culture, Dulbecco’s medium (DMEM), physiological uses owing to its antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, and anti-hypertension fetal bovine serum (FBS), and trypsin–EDTA were purchased from Gibco-BRL Co., Ltd
The inhibitory effect of Allium sativum stem extract (ASE) on melanoma cell growth and metastasis was observed, and its anticancer mechanism was confirmed through the evaluations of
Summary
Skin cancer refers to a form of malignancy that can occur in the cells constituting the skin tissue and cause abnormal growth of skin cells [1]. The first two skin cancers are grouped as non-melanoma skin cancers in the outer and middle layers of skin, while other unusual types of skin cancer include Merkel cell carcinomas and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans in the deeper layer of the skin [2,3]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2018, 287,723 cases of melanoma skin cancer and 1,042,056 of non-melanoma skin cancer were diagnosed globally. Incidence rates of melanoma skin cancer rose by 44% between 2008 and 2018, with deaths increasing by 32% [4,5]. In Korea, skin cancer has a low rate of incidence, comprising only 1.8% of all cancer cases [6]. According to Statistics Korea’s data, in 2020, the number of patients with skin cancer increased from
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