Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of alcohol drinking and smoking on bone mineral density and bone metabolism in young adult males. A total 463 healthy adult males aged 20–26 participated in this study and the following were observed: anthropometric characteristics, alcohol drinking and smoking status, and nutrient intake using a food frequency questionnaire. Bone mineral density(BMD) of the calcaneus was measured by quantitative ultrasound. Bone metabolism related markers including blood total alkalinephosphatase(ALP) activity and N-mid osteocalcin(OC) concentrations were analyzed. The subjects were divided into three groups: both drinking and smoking group(n=125), drinking only group(n=254), and non-drinking and non-smoking control group(n=84) according to their current alcohol drinking and smoking status. There were no significant differences in height, weight, BMI, energy and calcium intake, and BMD of the calcaneus among the three groups. However, ALP activity was significantly lower in the both drinking and smoking group than in control(p<0.05). Duration of alcohol drinking was negatively correlated with ALP(p<0.001) and OC(p<0.001). Daily smoked cigarettes and smoking duration showed a significantly negative correlation with ALP(p<0.001). Our findings show that, smoking and alcohol drinking may effect bone metabolism by influencing bone formation during the young adult period in men.
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