Effects of Adding Various Silage Additives to Whole Corn Crops at Ensiling on Performance, Rumen Fermentation, and Serum Physiological Characteristics of Growing-Finishing Cattle.

Zhang Zhang,Chen Chen,Zhao Zhao,Zhou Zhou,Meng Meng,Wu Wu

doi:10.3390/ani9090695

Zhang Zhang, Chen Chen + Show 4 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090695

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Abstract

Simple SummarySilage additives, such as complex lactic acid bacteria inoculants and mixed organic acid salts, are effective at improving fermentation and preservation of corn silage. However, the effects of applying these additives at ensiling on beef cattle performance require further investigation. This study showed that corn silage, inoculated with complex lactic acid bacteria, significantly improved daily dry matter intake, ruminal ammonia nitrogen, and blood urea nitrogen; and numerically enhanced the average daily gain of growing–finishing bulls. Corn crops ensilaged with mixed organic acid salts alone or together with complex inoculants had no significant effect on animal performance, although it did alter some rumen fermentation characteristics and blood parameters. Our research contributes to the future development and selection of silage additives. This study aimed to investigate the effect of applying various silage additives to whole corn crops at ensiling on growth performance, rumen fermentation, and blood physiology in growing–finishing bulls. Sixty Simmental × Yellow Cattle crossbred bulls were blocked by initial body weight (BW; 324.0 ± 5.4 kg) into 15 blocks. Animals in each block were randomly assigned to one of four diets formulated based on the following corn silage: control (CON), inoculated with complex lactic acid bacteria (CLB), ensilaged with mixed organic acid salts (MS), and ensilaged with CLB and MS (CLBMS). The feeding experiment lasted over 155 days, with an additional 7 days for adaptation. The results showed that bulls fed CLB-inoculated silage had greater (p < 0.05) daily dry matter intake than the other groups. The experimental treatment had no significant effect on average daily gain (p = 0.33) and feed-to-gain ratio (p = 0.13), although bulls fed CLB-inoculated silage had a larger numeric average daily gain. All additive-treated silage increased ruminal NH3–N content (p < 0.05) and reduced the acetate-to-propionate ratio (p < 0.05) of bulls compared with the control group. Bulls fed CLB-inoculated silage had a lower ruminal pH value (p < 0.05) than that of the other groups. Compared with the control group, bulls fed CLB-inoculated silage had greater blood cholesterol, albumin, and urea nitrogen (p < 0.05). Blood physiological responses were similar in bulls fed MS-treated and control silage, whereas those in cattle fed CLBMS-treated silage were between bulls fed CLB- and MS-treated silages and more similar to the former. Taking animal performance and cost effectiveness into consideration, the application of CLB alone to whole corn crops at ensiling appears to be a better choice compared with the application of either MS alone or both of them together.

Highlights

With the increase in global demand of meat and dairy products, in developing countries such as China, the livestock sector is becoming one of the fastest-growing segments in the agricultural economy [1,2]
CLB: corn silage ensilaged with complex lactic acid bacteria inoculants; MS: corn silage ensilaged with mixed organic acid salts; CLBMS: CLB and MS combined; CON: control
2 CON: control; CLB: corn silage ensilaged with complex lactic acid bacteria inoculants; MS: corn silage ensilaged with mixed organic acid salts; CLBMS: CLB and MS combined

Summary

Introduction

With the increase in global demand of meat and dairy products, in developing countries such as China, the livestock sector is becoming one of the fastest-growing segments in the agricultural economy [1,2]. Whole-plant corn silage has been become a popular choice for producers in areas where the land is suitable for cultivation because of its generally good ensiling characteristics, such as high biomass yield, relatively high metabolizable energy content, and a varying range of growth periods [4] They form the basis of lactic acid fermentation, the presence of more highly fermentable substrates in both harvested crops and well-fermented silage make them highly susceptible to spoilage microorganisms [1] in the presence of oxygen during the silage processing and feed-out period, resulting in aerobic deterioration and nutrient loss [5]. A wide variety of silage additives have been suggested to assist in corn silage preservation [6]

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