Abstract

Ammonia is one of the major pollutants in the aquatic ecosystem. Hyriopsis cumingii has great potential for the restoration of eutrophic water. However, there is no study investigating the effect of ammonia exposure in H. cumingii. The median lethal concentration (96 h LC50) of unionized ammonium was 12.86 mg/L in H. cumingii. In the study, H. cumingii were exposed to 6.43 mg L−1 unionized ammonium (1/2 96 h LC50) for 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. High environment ammonia induced antioxidant response to protect the body from oxidative damage. After exposure to ammonia, there was a same trend of induction followed by inhibition of the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione-S-transferases (GST) in the hepatopancreas and gills of H. cumingii. However, the antioxidant response could not completely counteract the oxidation effect during the exposure period, resulting in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and tissue injury in the hepatopancreas and gills of H. cumingii eventually. Moreover, this study indicated that glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransaminase (AST) in the hepatopancreas and gills may play an important role in ammonia detoxification of H. cumingii. Our results will be helpful to understand the mechanism of aquatic toxicology induced by ammonia in shellfish.

Highlights

  • Triangle sail mussel (Hyriopsis cumingii) is an important mussel in commercial freshwater pearl culture, which is widely distributed in the rivers and lakes in southern China

  • We demonstrated the effects of ammonia exposure on the antioxidant responses and detoxification metabolism of H. cumingii

  • The 96 h LC50 and ammonia accumulation in the hemolymph showed that H. cumingii had strong ammonia tolerance

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Summary

Introduction

Triangle sail mussel (Hyriopsis cumingii) is an important mussel in commercial freshwater pearl culture, which is widely distributed in the rivers and lakes in southern China. H. cumingii can regulate the phytoplankton community structure and reduce the concentration of nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) by filtering phytoplankton and suspended nutrients [2,3,4], which plays an important role in enhancing water quality and improving the aquatic environment [1,3,4]. Ammonia is known to be an important toxicant in aquatic environments [5]. Ammonia can be accumulated to high concentrations due to the ammonification of these nitrogenous organics [8,9].

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