Abstract
Hypertension accelerates brain aging, resulting in cognitive dysfunction with advancing age. Exercise is widely recommended for adults with hypertension to attenuate cognitive dysfunction. Whether acute exercise benefits cognitive function in this at-risk population is unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of acute aerobic exercise on cognitive function in 30 middle-aged hypertensive (HTN) and 30 age, sex, and body mass index (BMI)-matched non-HTN adults (56 ± 6 years, BMI 28.2 ± 2.9 kg/m2; 32 men). Subjects underwent cognitive testing pre/post 30-min cycling (≈55% peak oxygen consumption). Cognition was assessed using standard metrics of accuracy and reaction time (RT) across memory recognition, 2-back, and Flanker tasks. Behavioral data was further analyzed using drift-diffusion modeling to examine underlying components of decision-making (strength of evidence, caution, bias) and RT (non-decision time). Exercise elicited similar changes in cognitive function in both HTN and non-HTN groups (p > 0.05). Accuracy was unaltered for Flanker and 2-back tasks, while hits and false alarms increased for memory recognition post-exercise (p < 0.05). Modeling results indicated changes in memory hits/false alarms were due to significant changes in stimulus bias post-exercise. RT decreased for Flanker and memory recognition tasks and was driven by reductions in post-exercise non-decision time (p < 0.05). Our data indicate acute exercise resulted in similar, beneficial cognitive responses in both middle-age HTN and non-HTN adults, marked by unaltered task accuracy, and accelerated RT post-exercise. Additionally, drift-diffusion modeling revealed that beneficial acceleration of cognitive processing post-exercise (RT) is driven by changes in non-decision components (encoding/motor response) rather than the decision-making process itself.
Highlights
Cognitive function is one of the most important determinants of health, function, and quality of life with advancing age (Wilson et al, 2013)
We examined cognitive reaction time (RT) and Drift-diffusion modeling (DDM) parameters in non-HTN vs. HTN groups across pre- and postexercise time points using a 2 x 2 [2 group x 2 time] repeated measures ANOVA
Our data cumulatively suggest that middle-age HTN experience similar beneficial increases in executive function and memory processing speed following acute exercise as their non-HTN counterparts, and that post-exercise increases in processing speed are driven by changes outside of the decision-making process
Summary
Cognitive function is one of the most important determinants of health, function, and quality of life with advancing age (Wilson et al, 2013). Aerobic exercise is highly recommended (Pescatello et al, 2004; Brook et al, 2013) for adults with hypertension to help control blood pressure but to maintain cognitive health (Gorelick et al, 2011) and prevent cognitive impairment with advancing age (Pedersen and Saltin, 2006; Lange-Asschenfeldt and Kojda, 2008). Despite these recommendations there is a paucity of data on the effect of exercise on cognitive function in adults with hypertension. No data exists on acute cognitive responses to exercise in hypertension
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