Effects of a Tryptophan-Free Amino Acid Drink Challenge on Normal Human Sleep Electroencephalogram and Mood

Abstract

Background: Serotonin has been implicated in the regulation of sleep and mood. In animals a tryptophan-free amino acid drink (TFD) challenge has been found to reduce brain serotonin. We hypothesized this TFD would produce alterations in electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep commonly associated with depression, i.e., an enhancement of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and adversely affect mood ratings in humans. Methods: We investigated the effects of a TFD challenge in 11 healthy male subjects on EEG sleep and mood (assessed by Profile of Mood States). All subjects received on separate occasions an experimental drink containing approximately 100 g of an amino acid mixture (100% TFD) and a control drink containing one fourth strength (25% TFD) of the experimental drink 5 hours prior to sleep (6:00 pm). Results: Both drinks significantly decreased plasma tryptophan levels 5 hours postchallenge (11:00 pm). Both drinks significantly decreased REM latency, and the 25% TFD also increased REM time and REM% compared to baseline. No significant changes were found in subjective ratings of depression; however, subjects reported confusion and tension and a decrease in elation, vigor, and friendliness compared with baseline. Conclusions: These TFD findings further support the involvement of serotonin deficiency in EEG sleep findings commonly seen in depression.