Abstract

The article examines restricting factors in international cooperation, drawing a comparative analysis of two cases on cross-border infrastructure projects: the Gyeongui railway line that connects North and South Korea and the Kars-Gyumri-Tbilisi railway line that links Turkey and Armenia. In both cases, states involved strive for the normalization of diplomatic relations and border openness as well as potential economic opportunities and national security. Nevertheless, neither Seoul and Pyongyang nor Ankara and Yerevan succeeded in building a sustainable cooperation framework. While the outcome is the same, independent variables in both cases are different. Firstly, two Koreas have been in a military confrontation for seven decades, whereas Turkey and Armenia never engaged in a direct conflict. Secondly, the configuration of alliances (South Korea and the United States and Turkey and Azerbaijan) weakens the decision-making on the troublesome infrastructure projects. Consequently, alliances are identified as one the key factors that determine the mode of international cooperation.

Highlights

  • International infrastructure projects often symbolize cooperation among states

  • As the European Union originated from a consensus of interdependence on coal and steel, expected mutual benefits from a shared transportation infrastructure could alleviate a conflict among states to some extent

  • The transportation infrastructure could be regarded as an instrument for obtaining and increasing power, as Mackinder identified the railway as a important force of change [Knutsen 2014:837]

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Summary

Енсон Чо

Нормализация дипломатических отношений и открытие границ необходимы для участников инфраструктурных. Как зависимая переменная, вопросы сотрудничества не продвинулись ни в отношениях Сеула–Пхеньяна, ни Анкары–Еревана соответственно. Однако в обоих случаях наблюдается различие независимых переменных: 1) две Кореи непосредственно столкнулись с военным противостоянием в течение 70 лет, но вероятность военного столкновения между Турцией и Арменией относительно менее существенна, чем у Азербайджана и Армении; 2) альянс между двумя странами (Южной Кореи–США и Турции– Азербайджана соответственно) может ослаблять принятие решений по проектам сотрудничества. Следовательно, альянс определяется как фактор, который может повлиять на динамику международного сотрудничества. Что в обоих случаях именно альянсы, которые Сеул–Пхеньян и Анкара–Ереван заключают между собой, являются причиной стагнации их инфраструктурных проектов. Effects of a threat and alliance on international cooperation: Comparison of Inter-Korean and Turkish-Armenian railway projects // Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов.

Introduction
Theoretical basis and methodology
Relations among regional actors and their external allies
Conclusion
Full Text
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