Effects of a Thermoelectric Element Band on Venipuncture-associated Pain and Anxiety: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract

Venipuncture is an invasive procedure for diagnosis and treatment, which is often attributed to pain and anxiety. In this study, a thermoelectric element (TEE) band was developed to apply heat therapy (40∼45°C), cold therapy (0∼10°C), or thermal grill illusion (TGI) therapy (40∼45°C, 0∼10°C) to cause an illusion of pain by simultaneously applying heat and cold. This band was subsequently used to investigate its effect on patient pain, anxiety, and satisfaction. This was a randomized controlled study. Participants, who were to undergo venipuncture, were randomly assigned to the heat therapy, cold therapy, TGI therapy, or control groups. Each group had 30 participants. The interventions were employed for 10seconds during venipuncture, and the pain, anxiety, and satisfaction were measured before and after the procedure. Subjective pain, anxiety, and physiological responses after TEE band intervention were not significantly different between the four groups. However, there was a significant difference in satisfaction (F=4.21, p=.007) between the four groups, and the cold therapy group showed the highest satisfaction. In this study, when heat, cold, and TGI therapy were applied with a TEE band, pain and anxiety relief effects were not confirmed, but satisfaction was high. TEE band is a newly developed product that can easily apply hot and cold treatments without using ice packs or hot water packs. Further studies with various individual characteristics of chronic pain or repeated venipuncture are warranted to evaluate the effect of TEE.