Effects of a Sudden Flow Reduction on Red Blood Cell Rouleau Formation and Orientation Using RF Backscattered Power

Abstract

In most studies that were aimed at evaluating the kinetics of red blood cell (RBC) aggregation, human blood was initially circulated at a high shear rate to disrupt the aggregates, and measurements were performed following a complete flow stoppage, during the process of rouleau formation. However, it is known that a very low shear rate can enhance the formation of aggregates, as demonstrated by the modal relationship of the shear-rate dependence of RBC aggregation. The objective of the present study was, thus, to evaluate the influence of sudden flow reductions compared to a complete flow stoppage on the kinetics of rouleau formation, using ultrasound backscattering. Horse blood models, characterized by different aggregation levels, were obtained by diluting the plasma with a saline solution in different proportions. Blood was circulated in a 12.7-mm vertical tube at a flow rate of 1250 mL min −1 (prereduction flow rate) to disrupt the aggregates. The ultrasound radiofrequency (RF) signal was recorded from the center of the tube following different levels of sudden flow reduction or complete stoppage (postreduction flow rate). All measurements were performed over 2 min, using a 10-MHz transducer. No power increase was observed after complete flow stoppage. For postreduction flow rates varying between 20 and 160 mL min −1, the backscattered power increased proportionally with the kinetics of RBC aggregation. The echo buildup was also faster and stronger when the postreduction flow rate was increased. An unexpected pattern of variation of the backscattered power was found for horse RBCs characterized by high kinetics of rouleau formation. The power increased rapidly to a plateau, followed by another rapid increase and another plateau. Rouleau formation, random disorientation and reorientation were postulated to explain the phasic power increases observed.