Effects of a New Form of Resistance-Type High-Intensity Interval Training on Cardiac Structure, Hemodynamics, and Physiological and Performance Adaptations in Well-Trained Kayak Sprint Athletes.

Mohsen Sheykhlouvand,Todd A Astorino,Katsuhiko Suzuki,Hamid Arazi

doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.850768

Abstract

This study examined the effects of a resistance-type high-intensity interval training (RHIIT) matched with the lowest velocity that elicited O2peak (100% vO2peak) in well-trained kayak sprint athletes. Responses in cardiac structure and function, cardiorespiratory fitness, anaerobic power, exercise performance, muscular strength, and hormonal adaptations were examined. Male kayakers (n = 24, age: 27 ± 4 years) were randomly assigned to one of three 8-wk conditions (N = 8): (RHIIT) resistance training using one-armed cable row at 100% vO2peak; paddling-based HIIT (PHIIT) six sets of paddling at 100% vO2peak; or controls (CON) who performed six sessions including 1-h on-water paddling/sessions at 70–80% maximum HR per week. Significant increases (p < 0.05) in O2peak, vO2peak, maximal cardiac output, resting stroke volume, left ventricular end-systolic dimension, 500-m paddling performance were seen pre- to post-training in all groups. Change in O2peak in response to PHIIT was significantly greater (p = 0.03) compared to CON. Also, 500-m paddling performance changes in response to PHIIT and RHIIT were greater (p = 0.02, 0.05, respectively) than that of CON. Compared with pre-training, PHIIT and RHIIT resulted in significant increases in peak and average power output, maximal stroke volume, end-diastolic volume, ejection fraction, total testosterone, testosterone/cortisol ratio, and 1,000-m paddling performance. Also, the change in 1,000-m paddling performance in response to PHIIT was significantly greater (p = 0.02) compared to that of CON. Moreover, maximum strength was significantly enhanced in response to RHIIT pre- to post-training (p < 0.05). Overall, RHIIT and PHIIT similarly improve cardiac structure and hemodynamics, physiological adaptations, and performance of well-trained kayak sprint athletes. Also, RHIIT enhances cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength simultaneously.

Highlights

High-intensity interval training (HIIT), repeated bouts at nearmaximal to maximal intensities interspersed with recovery, has been shown to increase maximum oxygen uptake (V O2max), anaerobic power, and exercise performance (Laursen and Buchheit, 2019; Mallol et al, 2020)
This study examined changes in cardiorespiratory fitness, hemodynamics, exercise performance, and muscular strength in response to resistance training HIIT matched with the lowest velocity that elicits V O2peak (100% vV O2peak) and compared the adaptations vs. paddling-based interval exercise at 100% vV O2peak and traditional endurance paddling in welltrained kayak sprint athletes
The major findings from this study were that 8 weeks of either resistance-type high-intensity interval training (RHIIT) or paddling-based HIIT (PHIIT) improved cardiorespiratory fitness and kayak sprint performance, resting values of cardiac dimensions, maximum stroke volume and cardiac output, to a similar extent

Summary

Introduction

High-intensity interval training (HIIT), repeated bouts at nearmaximal to maximal intensities interspersed with recovery, has been shown to increase maximum oxygen uptake (V O2max), anaerobic power, and exercise performance (Laursen and Buchheit, 2019; Mallol et al, 2020). Kayak individual events include the 200-m (∼38 s), 500-m (∼100 s) and 1,000m (∼220 s) for world-level kayakers (International Canoe Federation).. Kayak individual events include the 200-m (∼38 s), 500-m (∼100 s) and 1,000m (∼220 s) for world-level kayakers (International Canoe Federation).1 To compete at this level, kayak sprint athletes need substantial upper-body aerobic and anaerobic power (Bishop, 2000; Michael et al, 2008; Zouhal et al, 2012; Borges et al, 2015; Sheykhlouvand et al, 2015; Sheykhlouvand and Forbes, 2017; Barzegar et al, 2021). As the concurrent action of several physiological variables affects sport-specific performance (Sousa et al, 2020), kayak sprint athletes need to emphasize these factors in their programs to maximize exercise performance. Paddling technique and economy play an important role in athletic performance, in this study we focused on physical and physiological variables

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