Abstract
Coal fly dust (CFD)-induced asthma model is used as an ambient particulate matter model of serious pulmonary damage. We aimed to evaluate the effects of a combination of ginseng and Salvia plebeia R. Br extract (KGC-03-PS; KG3P) and its individual components (hispidulin, nepetin and rosmarinic acid) in a CFD-induced mouse model of airway inflammation (asthma). We also evaluated signal transduction by KG3P and its individual components in the alveolar macrophage cell line, MH-S cells. In vitro, KG3P and its individual components inhibited nitric oxide production and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines (iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) through the NF-κB and MAPK pathways in coal fly ash (CFA)-induced inflammation in MH-S cells. Moreover, in the CFD-induced asthma model in mice, KG3P and its predominant individual component, nepetin, inhibited Asymmetric Dimethyl arginine (ADMA) and Symmetric Dimethyl arginine (SDMA) in serum, and decreased the histopathologic score in the lungs. A significant reduction in the neutrophils and immune cells in BALF and lung tissue was demonstrated, with significant reduction in the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines. Finally, IRAK-1 localization was also potently inhibited by KG3P and nepetin. Thus, KG3P extract can be considered as a potent candidate for amelioration of airway inflammation.
Highlights
Air pollution is a serious environmental problem encountered by living organisms
We aimed to develop a herbal formulation consisting of ginseng extract and Salvia plebeia R BR (SPR-Br) (KG3P) to verify the effects of the extract and its individual components on MH-S alveolar macrophage cells induced by coal fly ash (CFA), and mice with airway inflammation induced by coal fly dust (CFD)
Based on the High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis performed, KG3P and its three most abundant components potently suppressed inflammation by decreasing the levels of nitric oxide (NO), iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α via the NF-κB and MAPK pathways in MH-S cells
Summary
Air pollution is a serious environmental problem encountered by living organisms. We aimed to develop a herbal formulation consisting of ginseng extract and SPR-Br (KG3P) to verify the effects of the extract and its individual components on MH-S alveolar macrophage cells induced by CFA, and mice with airway inflammation induced by coal fly dust (CFD). Our in vivo results showed that KG3P and its component, nepetin, downregulated the inflammatory cytokines in BALF and lung tissues, and decreased the fluorescent intensity of interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 1 (IRAK-1) in lung tissues. These results suggest that this mixture can be used as an excellent remedy in the prevention of pulmonary disorders caused by air pollution
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